1. Quantifiable Advantages of Concrete Parking Lots Philip Kresge Sr. Director, National Resources © Copyright 2011 - NRMCA

2. Today’s Outline Market Trends Benefits of Concrete Parking Lots  Economics  Quantifiable Concrete/Asphalt Comparisons  Sustainability  LEED Alternate Parking Lot Options  Pervious Concrete  Concrete Overlays

3. Source: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics

4. Catalytic Cracking Units & Coker Refineries Processing units convert Residual Oil (asphalt) into hydrocarbon gases (mogas) and light & heavy oils

5. *Slide from “Asphalt Supply in a Volatile Oil World” - ConocoPhillips Co.

7. Economical First Cost  Affordable and competitively priced  Minimum subbase preparation  One pass completion Benefits of a Concrete Parking Lot

8. Calculating the cost of asphalt Calculations based on $600/ton bitumen pricing $.30/lb bitumen 1 ton asphalt (2000 lbs) x 6% bitumen = 120 lbs bitumen per ton asphalt. @ $.30/lb = $36/ton Add in another 1880 lbs of sand and aggregate + fuel to heat and blend it @ +/- $35 $36 + $35 = $71/ton asphalt FOB Asphalt typically takes 3 times as much fuel to deliver and place as concrete per ton. This is approximately 3 gals diesel per ton @ $3.57/gal = $10.71/ton $71.00 + $10.71 = $81.71/ton in-place

9. How does the cost of asphalt compare with concrete? Concrete Delivered price 1 Yd 3 Asphalt delivered price (3800 lbs = 1 Yd 3 ) $144/Yd 3 $155.25/Yd 3 @ $90/yd 3 concrete and $1.00/ft 2 install @ 5” thick = $2.21/ft 2 @ 4” thick = $2.22/ft 2

10. Economical Long Term Cost  Lower annual maintenance  No scheduled re-paving  Lower life-cycle cost  No business interruption Benefits of a Concrete Parking Lot

11. Performance  Proven long life  Strength increases with age  No potholes, bumps, or wrinkles  Evenly carries heavy loads  Resistance to freeze/thaw

12. Longevity

13. Durability Appian Way – 312 B.C. Bettendorf, IA - 1959

14. Bellefontaine, OH  Placed 1891  Guaranteed for 5 years  120+ years old and still in service! Copyright ©2010 – NRMCA WWW.NRMCA.ORG

15. These are NOT equal! 6” Concrete 4” Stone 2” Asphalt

16. Product Differences Portland Cement Concrete Hot Mix Asphalt  Bituminous Concrete Both use sand and stone How these raw materials are bound together make the difference

17. Concrete Industrial strength glue as binder  Inorganic – Does not break down  Gains strength over time Creates a rigid pavement Low maintenance costs

18. Concrete subgrade 7000 lbs load pressure ~3 - 7 psi increasing stress

19. Asphalt Uses “Scotch-tape like” adhesive (requires pressure)  Organic adhesive – breaks down due to heat, water, & UV rays  Becomes weaker over time Requires costly seal coats & overlays to replenish this “adhesive” Creates a flexible pavement Results in high maintenance costs

20. increasing stress Asphalt subgrade 7000 lbs load pressure  15 - 20 psi

22. Pavement Failure Not due to # of years Due to stress of carrying loads  Vehicle traffic  Heat / Cold

23. Design for purpose (adjust thickness)  Passenger vehicle parking  Truck lanes  Loading areas  Truck parking (sand shoes/dollies) Increase thickness Thickened beam Design Thickness

24. Established Rational Design ACI 330R-08  Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Parking Lots ACI 330.1-03  Specification for Unreinforced Concrete Parking Lots NOT AASHTO

25. Concrete vs. Asphalt Apples-to-apples comparison of pavement design should always be considered Quantification in $ allows for a better business decision on pavement choice

26. Concrete Pavement Analyst Uses Customer Inputs Compares Asphalt and Concrete designs per industry standard specifications Also compares Local Design Criteria Provides design and life- cycle cost comparisons Allows user to make a more educated decision Version 3.1  www.nrmca.org/Education/Online_Learning

27. Environmentally Friendly  Does not pollute waterways  Uses less raw materials  No hazardous materials used  Recycled materials can be used  Conserves petroleum resources Benefits of a Concrete Parking Lot

28. Concrete Parking Lots Support Sustainable Development  “Cool Communities” ---Reduce Heat Island Effect  AIA Sustainable Development Goal ---50% reduction in use of fossil fuels for new construction by 2010  LEED™ Certification ---Concrete can assist in attaining necessary credits

29. Heat Island Mitigation  Concrete’s lighter color means less heat absorption  Lowers ambient air temperature by 7 to 10 degrees  1 degree equals 1.5% change in energy consumption

30. Solar Reflectance (Albedo) and Solar Reflective Index (SRI)

32. EPA Heat Island Reduction Initiative Trees and Vegetation Green Roofs Cool Roofs Cool Pavements

33. Concrete Parking Garage Photos courtesy of the American Concrete Pavement Association Concrete Pavements can Reduce Global Warming Potential by 50%

34. Energy Savings and Illumination Based on 3.40 cd/m 2 36% fewer luminaires needed for equivalent luminance OR Reduce light wattage from 400 to 250 per lamp Approximately 37% reduction in energy consumption

35. LED Lighting – A new opportunity! Concrete’s reflectivity optimizes performance of LED lighting Reduce wattage from 400W to 125W Copyright ©2009 – NRMCA WWW.NRMCA.ORG

36. LEED 2009 Scoring System

37. Potential Credit Contributions LEED 2009 / Version 3 Sustainable Sites Water Efficient Landscape Materials and Resources Regional Materials Innovation in Design Regional Bonus Credits

38. 2009 Scoring System Sustainable Sites26 points Water Efficiency10 points Energy and Atmosphere35 points Materials and Resources14 points Indoor Environmental Quality15 points Innovation and Design Process1-6 points Regional Priority Credits1-4 points Total possible points110 points

39. Potential Concrete Products for Parking Lot Applications Conventional concrete pavement Pervious concrete Concrete overlay Cement-treated base Flowable fill

40. 2009 Scoring System Sustainable Sites11 points Water Efficiency10 points Energy and Atmosphere6 points Materials and Resources6 points Innovation and Design Process1-6 points Regional Priority Credits1-4 points Total possible points35-43 points Concrete Contributions

41. NRMCA’s LEED ® Reference Guide

42. Concrete Alternatives for Parking Lots Pervious Concrete

43. How many cars can you park on a detention pond?

44. What can be done with an existing asphalt parking lot?

45. Concrete Alternatives for Parking Lots Concrete Overlay

46. Concrete overlay (2.5” - 7”) on existing asphalt surface Provides rigid pavement able to withstand heavy traffic Existing asphalt serves as compacted base for concrete pavement

47. www.cptechcenter.org/publications/overlays/index.htm

48. Surface Prep of Old Asphalt Inspect old asphalt for obvious sub-grade problems. Repair as needed. Sweep or wash clean to maximize bond. Fill deep ruts with flowable fill for thinner overlay. Filling ruts on thicker overlays may not be required. Fill expansion cracks and any other deep cracks in asphalt to prevent keying of concrete into cracks.

49. Why Concrete Overlays? Can be placed on both concrete and asphalt pavements. Offer an economically sound solution that will out last any asphalt. All the benefits of concrete pavement Long-term skid resistance Greater visibility. Reduced Heat Island effect Reduced lighting requirements Increased safety Concrete overlays have a proven track record with millions of Yds 2 across the U.S.

50. Concrete Overlays provide additional service-life for trucking facilities

51. Available through the National Concrete Pavement Technology Center www.cptechcenter.org

52. www.ConcreteParking.org Benefits Applications Resources Links Publications Pervious Concrete Concrete vs. Asphalt

53. Questions?

54. Thank You! Philip Kresge pkresge@nrmca.org 610-966-7220