1. Dietary Reference Intakes
DRIs
By Jennifer Turley
and Joan Thompson
© 2016 Cengage

2. Presentation Overview
Defining DRIs
Looking at nutrients with DRIs
Understanding how DRIs are used

3. What are DRIs?
Standards to guide safe & adequate intakes of essential nutrients for healthy humans.
Sick individuals have different needs.
The year 2001, 2002, 2004 revision values were designed to promote optimal function & health for healthy people.
Are specific for groups of people based on: life stage, gender, conditions of pregnancy & lactation.
Are adequate for moderately active people.

4. How are DRIs established?
By scientific committee literature review.
Nutrients are given an Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), or Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) value by life stage & gender.
RDA: level to meet 97-98% of needs AI: average or mean intake level. EAR: average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the needs.

5. Other DRI Components
Tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for vitamins & minerals.
Highest intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for energy producing nutrients & essential fatty acids.
% Calorie range.
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for Calories.
DRI for physical activity.

6. DRIs Exist For: Water: Vitamins: Minerals: See appendix for values
A, D, E, K, B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6, B12, folate, vitamin C
biotin, pantothenic acid, choline
Minerals:
Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, I, Se
Cu, Mn, Cr, Mo, F
Na, K, Cl
Water:
Men ≥19 years: 3.7 L/day (approx. 15 cups)
Women ≥ 19 years : 2.7 L/day (approx. 11 cups)
DRIs Exist For:
See appendix
for values

7. DRI for Protein
The adult DRI for protein is set at 0.8 gram/Kg. This level is for inactive persons.
See appendix for gram/Kg need for infants, children, and adolescents.
Although not DRIs: Active persons need more than the DRI, approximately grams/Kg. Endurance athletes need more than the DRI, approximately grams/Kg.

8. DRI for Calories Is calculated from formulas (See Appendix).
Is set as an EAR and is the called the estimated energy requirement (EER).
The EER is based on age, gender, and physical activity.
The formulas require height in meters and weight in kilograms.

9. DRI for Carbohydrate, Fiber & Fat
Carbohydrate: At least 130 gm/day for adults
Fiber:  38 gm/d  25 gm/d, [adults]
1.4 gm/100 Calories consumed
FAT: not determined for adults
Essential Fatty Acids:
Linoleic Acid:
17 12 [adults, gm/d ]
Alpha-Linolenic Acid:
1.6  1.1 [adults, gm/d ]

10. DRI for Exercise There is a DRI for exercise!
It is 60 minutes cumulative moderate exercise per day.
That means moving body parts and sweating while you are doing it.

11. AMDRs

12. Na, K, Cl & Water See Appendix
In 2004 the DRI was published for Water and the Electrolytes (Na, Cl, and K)
Sodium (Na): 1.5 gm if years Sodium
Chloride (NaCl): years 3.8 gm (3.8 gm NaCl – 1.5 gm Na = 2.3 gm/day of Cl)
Potassium (K): 4.7 gm/day if >18
Water: 2.7 L/day if 3.7 L/day if
See Appendix

13. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels: ULs
For vitamins with DRIs
For minerals with DRIs
For arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, vanadium

14. DRIs Do Not Exist For: Cholesterol Sulfur (sulfate) Cobalt
Non-essential, nutritional supplements

15. DRIs
Are used to achieve nutritional balance and health in the population.
Are used in nutrition assessment, meal planning, health care, research, food industry, national defense, food programs, public policy, etc.

16. Some Summary Points
DRIs are a collection of values to express a persons nutrient need based on their life stage & gender.
The exact DRI value may be as an RDA, AI, EAR depending on scientific information available for each nutrient.
DRIs are expressed as ULs and AMDRs.
For Calories the DRI is called the EER.
There is DRI recommendation for Physical activity.
The DRIs are standards that have many important purposes and uses.
References for this presentation are the same as those for this topic found in module 2 of the textbook