1. Pharmacognosy- 413 Dr. Prawez Alam 1

2. Vitamins Definition: Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for the maintenance of normal metabolic functions. Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body, but are found naturally in foods obtained from plants and animals. beriberiricketsscurvy xerophthalmiaThe lack of specific vitamins leads to distinctive deficiency states such as beriberi, rickets, scurvy, and xerophthalmia, or to conditions without definitive symptoms. 2

3. Structure: Individual Units NOT linked together – i.e. NOT building blocks like for glucose, fatty acids, amino acids Function: Do NOT yield energy when broken down Assist enzymes and other biological factors that release energy from Carbohydrate, Protein, Fats = coenzymes Amounts needed: Measured in micrograms or milligrams, not grams 3

4. I- Water soluble vitamins Vitamin C Vitamin B  Thiamine (Vitamin B 1 )  Riboflavin (Vitamin B 2 )  Niacin (Vitamin B 3 )  Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B 5 )  Pyridoxine (Vitamin B 6 )  Biotin (Vitamin B 7 )  Folic Acid (Vitamin B 9 )  Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B 12 ) Types of Vitamins II- Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K 4

5.  Fat Soluble Water Soluble Vits A, D, E, K Vits B & C Absorption Lymph then Directly into blood blood/protein carrier Storage Long term Short term Excretion Less readily excreted Kidneys detect and - remain in fat storage sites remove in urine Vitamin Comparison 5

6. Vitamin A 6 Chemical Name: Retinol Vitamin A (Retinol)

7. Source: Common dietary sources of vitamin A are plant parts (carotenoids that occur in carrots and green leafy vegetables) animal organs (heart, kidney, liver), eggs, dairy products, and fish. Vitamin A 7

8.  FUNCTIONS:  Vitamin A is involved in vision, growth, and tissue differentiation.  Night Blindness (is the inability to see well at night or in poor light)  Helps to maintain healthy epithelial tissue.  Reproduction & Development  Immunity  Growth Vitamin A 8

9. A deficiency of this vitamin can result in a variety of conditions, including:  Nyctalopia (night blindness)  Xerophthalmia  Hyperkeratosis of the skin  Growth retardation  Decreased resistance to infection Deficiency: 9

10.  Overdose is usually from taking supplements not from eating food.  Birth defects  Permanent damage to the liver and eyes  Reduced bone density Overdose: HIGHLY TOXIC 10

11. adultschildren over 4 years5000  The usual US RDA (US Recommended daily allowances) of vitamin A for adults and children over 4 years of age is 5000 units (sometimes expressed as 1000 retinol equivalents). 1500infants2500children under the age of 48000pregnant and lactating women  The US RDAs are 1500 units for infants, 2500 for children under the age of 4, and 8000 units for pregnant and lactating women. Dose: 11

12.  Vitamin D is a term that is used for several related steroids and their metabolites that are essential for the absorption and utilization of calcium.  Cholecalciferol, or vitamin D 3, is the primary form of the vitamin. it is stored in a number of tissues, including the liver and skin. Fish liver oils are a rich natural source of this material.  Ergocalciferol, or vitamin D2, is derived from ergosterol, a plant steroid. It is the form of this vitamin normally used to fortify such foods as milk, bread, and cereals. 2. Vitamin D 12

13. Vitamin D: 13

14. Vitamin D has been called the sunshine vitamin since ultraviolet light is involved in the conversion of provitamin substances to vitamins D 2 and D 3. Other source of Vitamin D are fish liver oil, flesh of oily, fish, egg yolk, liver and milk Source of Vitamin D 14

15.  It is absorbed in the intestine.  Activationof vitamin D, start in the liver cell, where it is hydroxylated on the 25thposition by 25-hydrocylose to 25- hydroxycholecalciferol.  25-hydroxy D ₃ is further hydroxylated in kidney by 1-α hydroxylase to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D ₃  (Calcitriol) which is the metabolically the active form of the vitamin  Cholecalciferol is absorbed with somewhat greater efficiency than ergocalciferol. Absorption and activation: 15

16. Vitamin D aids in the utilization of calcium and phosphate and is essential to the development and maintenance of strong teeth and bones.  Bone making and maintenance  Assists in the absorption of dietary calcium.  Helps to make calcium and phosphorus available in the blood. FUNCTIONS: 16

17.  Children = Ricket’s Disease  Adults = Osteomalacia (is softening of the bones due to a lack of Vitamin D)  Mechanism: Calcium absorption Blood Calcium Bone deficiency Deficiency: 17

18. 400  The US RDA for vitamin D is 400 units per day; there is no variation for age and no other special considerations. 10004000 The usual dose of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol for treatment of a deficiency is 1000 to 4000 units per day. Dose: 18

19.  Mechanism: Calcium absorption Blood Calcium Calcium deposits on soft tissue eg kidney stones Toxicity 19

20.  Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in the skin, preventing its conversion to the active vitamin.  Prolongedexposuretosunlightcauses skin cancer. Vitamin D from sun 20

21. 3. Vitamin E Vitamin E is a term that refers to various forms of  - tocopherol, including the dextrorotatory isomer, the racemic mixture, and their acetate and acid succinate esters. 21

22.   Several structurally related tocopherol analogs also occur in nature, including  -,  -, and  -tocopherols, but these substances possess only low levels of vitamin E activity. α-tocopherol ( 5,7,8 trimethyl tocol) is the most active and abundant one. The vitamin is stored extensively in adipose tissues of the body; the stored vitamin E in normal situations represents up to 4 years' requirements. Vitamin E 22

23.  Cotton seed oil, corn oil, peanut oil and wheat germ oil are good sources.  Green lettuce leaves have high content.  Other good sources: eggs, muscle meat, liver and fish Sources of Vitamin E 23

24.  Vitamin E is specially effective in preventing the oxidation of polyunsaturated fattyacids (PUFA), but it protects all other lipids e.g. vitamin A from oxidation by molecular oxygen and free radicals (N.B.: if O ₂ attach PUFA FA peroxides).  Vitamin E exerts anespecially important antioxidant effect in the lungs, where the cell are exposed to high concentration of O ₂.  It is also prevent heart disease by protecting LDLfrom oxidation which encourages development of atherosclerosis (oxidized LDL). Vitamin E as an antioxidant 24

25.  Vitamin E deficiency is rare and is almost never caused by a poor diet. It causes neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction. It can also cause anemia due to oxidative damage to red blood cells, retinopathy and impairment of the immune response.anemiaretinopathyimmune response Deficiency: 25

26. 30 10  The US RDA for vitamin E is 30 units for adults and children over 4 years of age, 10 units for children under 4 years of 5 age, and 5 units for infants. One unit is equal to 1 mg of dl-  -tocopheryl acetate. Vitamin E is usually administered orally, but it may be given intramuscularly in cases of severe absorption problems. Dose: 26

27. Toxicity:  Vitamin E toxicity effects are not serious as vitamin A or vitamin D toxicity.  High dose of vitamin E interfere with blood- clotting action of vitamin K is enhancing the action of anti- coagulant medication leading to haemorrhage (blood fails to clot). 27

28. 4. Vitamin K  Vitamin K is a term that refers to 2-methyl-1,4- naphthoquinone and derivatives of this compound that exhibit an antihemorrhagic activity.  The naturally occurring forms of vitamin K possess large aliphatic substituents at position 3. 28

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30. Sources of Vitamin K  Vitamin K is distributed widely in dairy products and many fruits and vegetables, green leafy vegetables being especially good dietary sources.  Excellent sources of vitamin K include parsley, kale, spinach, Brussels sprouts, Swiss chard, green beans, asparagus, broccoli, kale, mustard greens, turnip greens, collard greens, thyme, romaine lettuce, sage, oregano, cabbage, celery, sea vegetables, cucumber, leeks, cauliflower, tomatoes, and blueberries. 30

31. Intestinal synthesis 31  Bacteria that normally colonize the large intestine synthesize menaquinones (vitamin K 2 ), which are an active form of vitamin K  Like vitamin D, vitamin K can be obtained from a non food source, bacteria in the intestinal track (intestinal flora) synthesize vitamin K that body can absorb, butpeople cannot depend on this source alone.

32. Functions of Vitamin K  Blood clotting  Vitamin K is necessary for normal clotting of blood. The vitamin promotes the hepatic formation of prothrombin (factor II) and other essential clotting factors (VII, IX, X).  Help protect your bones from fracture  Help prevent postmenopausal bone loss  Help prevent calcification of your arteries  Provide possible protection against liver and prostate cancer 32

33. Deficiency: Persons deficient in vitamin K are first and foremost likely to have symptoms related to problematic blood clotting or bleeding. These symptoms can include:  Heavy menstrual bleeding  Gum bleeding  Bleeding within the digestive tract  Nose bleeding, easy bruising  Blood in the urine  Prolonged clotting times  Hemorrhaging  Aanemia. 33

34. 34 Deficiency-related symptoms involves bone problems. These symptoms can include:  Loss of bone (osteopenia)  Decrease in bone mineral density (osteoporosis) Excess deposition of calcium in soft tissues. These calcification-based problems include hardening of the arteries or calcium-related problems with heart valve function.

35. Toxicity: 35 Since no adverse effects have been reported for higher levels of vitamin K intake from food and/or supplements. Menadione (Vitamin K 3 ) and its derivatives can interfere with the function of glutathione, one of the body's natural antioxidants, resulting in oxidative damage to cell membranes.antioxidantscell membranes Menadione given by injection has induced liver toxicity, jaundice, and hemolytic anemia (due to the rupture of red blood cells) in infants; therefore, menadione is no longer used for treatment of vitamin K deficiency.jaundiceanemia

36. Thank you 36