1. PTERIDOPHYTA

2. Phylum: PTERIDOPHYTA Classis: LYCOPSIDA Ordo: Lycopodiales
Familia: Lycopodiaceae Club-mosses

3. Lycopodium clavatum – wolf’s foot clubmoss
sporophylls
sporangia
isospores

4. Lycopodium clavatum – wolf’s foot clubmoss
microphylls
clubmoss shoot
Hungary: protected!
hepato-protective, diuretic
spores

5. Classis: SPHENOPSIDA (EQUISETOPSIDA) Ordo: Equisetales
Familia: Equisetaceae Horsetails

6. Equisetum arvense field horsetail
sporangiophores
Equisetum arvense field horsetail
homoiospores
fertile shoots

7. Equisetum arvense summer, sterile shoot

8. Comparison of Equisetum species
Equisetum palustre
marsh horsetail – poisonous!
Equisetum arvense field horsetail

9. Comparison of Equisetum species
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum palustre

10. Classis: PTEROPSIDA Ordo: Aspidiales
Familia: Aspidiaceae
Ferns

11. Dryopteris filix-mas – (common) male fern
anthelmintic
sorus
sporotrophophyll
indusium
isospores

12. Classis: PTEROPSIDA Ordo: Polypodiales
Familia: Polypodiaceae
Polypodies

13. Polypodium vulgare – common polypody
osladin
(triterpene saponin)
Polypodium vulgare – common polypody

14. Phylum: SPERMATOPHYTA (SEED PLANTS) Subph.: CONIFEROPHYTINA (CONIFERS)
Gymnosperms:
ovule → seed – not protected by pistil,
no fruit! (only cones – inflorescences)

15. Phylum: SPERMATOPHYTA Subph.: CONIFEROPHYTINA (CONIFERS)
Classis: Ginkgopsida Ordo: Ginkgoales
Familia: Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo family

16. Ginkgo biloba – ginkgo / maidenhair tree

17. stimulates blood circulation in brain
Ginkgo biloba ginkgo
ginkgetin, ginkgolide
stimulates blood circulation in brain

18. Classis: CONIFEROPSIDA Ordo: Coniferales (Pinales)
Familia: Araucariaceae
Araucaria family

19. Araucaria sp.

20. Araucaria sp.

21. Araucaria sp.

22. Familia: Araucariaceae
Agathis sp.
 dammara resin: (diterpenes)
+ essential oil (monoterpenes): balsam
Agathis australis - kauri:
 kauri copal resin  ointments, paints, varnishes

23. Agathis australis - kauri

24. Classis: CONIFEROPSIDA Ordo: Coniferales (Pinales)
Familia: Abietaceae (Pinaceae) – Pine family
3 subfamilies:
subfamilia: Abietoideae – firs and spruces
subfamilia: Laricoideae – larches and cedars
subfamilia: Pinoideae – pines

25. Subf.: Abietoideae Abies sp. - firs erect cones,
disintegrate at maturity
Abies alba
European silver fir

26. Abies alba European silver fir

27. Abies balsamea balsam fir  Canada balsam

28. Subf.: Abietoideae female cones: pendulous, scales remain together:
Pseudotsuga sp.
Tsuga sp.
Picea sp.
Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock
Pseudotsuga menziesii green douglas-fir

29. Picea abies – Norway spruce

30. Picea abies – Norway spruce
Essential oil
Resin: Resina piceae
Tar: Pix piceae
Shoot tip + cones: Turio
 spruce honey

31. Subf.: Laricoideae - Larches
Larix decidua European larch
balsam: ”Venice turpentine”

32. Subf.: Laricoideae - Cedars
Cedrus deodara
deodar cedar

33. Subf.: Laricoideae - Vörösfenyőfélék
Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka
Cedrus libani
cedar of Lebanon

34. Pinus sylvestris – Scots pine
Subf.: Pinoideae - Pines
Pinus sylvestris – Scots pine

35. Pinus sylvestris wood: resin duct

36. Pinus sylvestris inflorescences
female/pistillate
male/staminate
Pinus sylvestris inflorescences
essential oil, resin, shoot tips, leaves

37. Pinus sylvestris - saccate pollen

38. Pinus nigra – European black pine

39. Pinus nigra needle cross-section

40. Subf.: Pinoideae Pinus pinea – umbrella pine P. halapensis
(Mediterranean region)
P. halapensis
(Mediterranean)
P. pinaster – maritime pine (England)
P. cembra – Swiss pine
(high mountains)

41. F.: Taxodiaceae – Bald cypress family
Taxodium distichum – bald/swamp cypress:
aerating roots (pneumatophores)

42. Taxodium distichum – swamp cypress

43. F.: Taxodiaceae – Bald cypress family
Sequoiadendron giganteum – giant sequoia

44. Classis: CONIFEROPSIDA
Familia: Cupressaceae Cypress family

45. Biota orientalis oriental arborvitae
Subf.: Thujoideae
Biota orientalis oriental arborvitae
essential oil,
! contact dermatitis,
allergy

46. Thuja occidentalis eastern arborvitae

47. Subf.: Cupressoideae Cypresses
Cupressus sempervirens mediterranean cypress

48. Subfamilia: Juniperoideae Junipers
Juniperus communis common juniper
Subfamilia: Juniperoideae Junipers

49. Subfamilia: Juniperoideae Junipers
Juniperus communis common juniper:
galbulus (fleshy cone)
pix (tar)
lignum (wood)

50. Familia: Taxaceae – Yew family
Classis: Taxopsida
Ordo: Taxales
Familia: Taxaceae – Yew family

51. Taxus baccata (European yew):
seed, other plant parts: poisonous
aril: not toxic
Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew):
taxol: antitumor

52. Subphylum: CYCADOPHYTINA (CYCADS)
Cl.: Cycadopsida
O.: Cycadales
F.: Cycadaceae – Cycad family (Sago palms)
Genera:
Cycas spp., Encephalartos spp.

53. Cycadaceae – Cycad family

54. Cycadaceae – Cycad family
Cycas sp. (sago palms):
cycasin - hepatotoxic
seeds → sago flour – toxic substances washed out
Encephalartos sp.
(bread palms)

55. Subphylum: CYCADOPHYTINA
Cl.: Cycadopsida
O.: Welwitschiales
F.: Welwitschiaceae

56. SW-Africa: Namib desert
F.: Welwitschiaceae
Welwitschia mirabilis:
SW-Africa: Namib desert

57. Subphylum: CYCADOPHYTINA
Cl.: Cycadopsida
O.: Ephedrales
F.: Ephedraceae – Joint-pines
(Mahuang – Chinese)

58. F.: Ephedraceae – Joint-pines
Ephedra distachya (Europe, Asia)
ephedrine: contracts blood vessels – nasal drops, suppositories against haemorrhoids