1. Global Grid Mapping a 3-dimensional world in 2 dimensions

2. Global Grid Latitude – distance North & South of the Equator Latitude – distance North & South of the Equator Longitude – distance East & West of the Prime Meridian Longitude – distance East & West of the Prime Meridian Both measured in degrees (and more accurately, in minutes & seconds) Both measured in degrees (and more accurately, in minutes & seconds)

3. Global Grid Latitude lines are east west circles around the globe, run parallel to each other Latitude lines are east west circles around the globe, run parallel to each other Longitude lines also cross the globe in circles, but they all intersect at two points, the North Pole & South Pole Longitude lines also cross the globe in circles, but they all intersect at two points, the North Pole & South Pole

4. Global Grid Lat/Long creates global grid, allowing anyone to state the EXACT location of any place on our planet Lat/Long creates global grid, allowing anyone to state the EXACT location of any place on our planet

5. Globes Most accurate representation of our planet Most accurate representation of our planet Land masses, oceans, and land features appear realistically on a globe Land masses, oceans, and land features appear realistically on a globe Only difference is scale Only difference is scale

6. Maps Map – flat representation of Earth’s surface Map – flat representation of Earth’s surface Can we accurately depict all of earth’s features on a two-dimensional surface? Can we accurately depict all of earth’s features on a two-dimensional surface? Well? ? ? ? ? ?

7. NO!

8. Map Projections Many different map projections, but they all have the same problem...... Many different map projections, but they all have the same problem...... Distortion Distortion Any change in distance, Any change in distance, direction, shape, size

9. Map Projections Mercator – accurately shows direction Mercator – accurately shows direction distortion: sizes & distances distortion: sizes & distances Still used by many ocean navigators, even though it was 1 st created almost 500 years ago Still used by many ocean navigators, even though it was 1 st created almost 500 years ago

10. Map Projections Robinson – shows most distances, sizes & shapes accurately Robinson – shows most distances, sizes & shapes accurately Distortion – around edges of maps Distortion – around edges of maps

11. Map Projections Conic – made by wrapping a cone of paper around a particular latitude, and projecting the globe onto paper. Conic – made by wrapping a cone of paper around a particular latitude, and projecting the globe onto paper. Virtually no distortion along that specific line of latitude, great accuracy over small distances (road & weather maps) Virtually no distortion along that specific line of latitude, great accuracy over small distances (road & weather maps) Distortion – most of the rest Distortion – most of the rest of the map away from that line of latitude

12. 6 Things All Maps Contain 1. Scale - tells how distance on a map compares with distance on the earth. Ratio 1: 24,000 Ratio 1: 24,000 Bar scale Bar scale

13. 6 Things Maps Contain 2. Compass Rose/North Arrow – orients the map to directions

14. 6 Things All Maps Contain 3. Key or legend - tells meanings of the symbols

15. 6 Things All Maps Contain 4. Title 4. Title 5. Date 5. Date 6. Author 6. Author

16. Topographic Maps Show the shape of the land and elevation changes Show the shape of the land and elevation changes

17. Topographic Maps Contour line – lines that show points of equal elevation Contour line – lines that show points of equal elevation Contour interval – difference in elevation between consecutive contour lines Contour interval – difference in elevation between consecutive contour lines Relief – difference between highest & lowest elevation points Relief – difference between highest & lowest elevation points Index contour- contour line that is labeled with its elevation Index contour- contour line that is labeled with its elevation

18. Determining Elevation http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/contour.htm

19. Contour Line Characteristics Never branch or split, must be closed loop Never branch or split, must be closed loop Never cross Never cross Close together = steep slope Close together = steep slope Far apart = gentle slope Far apart = gentle slope

20. Determining Elevation http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/contour.htm

21. Features on a Topographic Map Hill – closed contours Hill – closed contours Depression – closed contours with hatch marks Depression – closed contours with hatch marks Stream- contours “V” & point upstream Stream- contours “V” & point upstream

22. Features on Topographic Maps http://www.compassdude.com/topographic-maps.shtml