1. The Foreign Exchange Market
Chapter 10
The Foreign
Exchange Market

2. What is the foreign exchange market?
The foreign exchange market is a market for converting the currency of one country into that of another country
An exchange rate is the rate at which one currency is converted into another

3. Functions of the FX Market
Enables the conversion of the currency of one country into the currency of another
Provides some insurance against foreign exchange risk: the adverse consequences of unpredictable changes in exchange rates

4. Currency Conversion International firms use foreign exchange markets:
To convert export receipts, income received from foreign investments, or income received from licensing agreements
To pay a foreign company for products or services
To invest spare cash for short terms in money markets
For currency speculation: the short-term movement of funds from one currency to another in the hopes of profiting from shifts in exchange rates
Carry trade, which involves borrowing in one currency where interest rates are low and then using the proceeds to invest in another currency where interest rates are high, has become a more common form of speculation.
Internet Extra: To see real time currency conversions, go to XE.com {
Click on Quick Currency converter, and enter the currencies you want to convert.

5. Insuring Against FX Risk
The foreign exchange market can provide insurance against foreign exchange risk: the possibility that unpredicted changes in future exchange rates will have adverse consequences for the firm. A firm that protects itself against foreign exchange risk is hedging
The market performs this function using:
Spot exchange rates
Forward exchange rates
Currency swaps

6. Insuring Against FX Risk
1. Spot exchange rate: the rate at which a foreign exchange dealer converts one currency into another currency on a particular day
Determined by the interaction between supply and demand
Changes continually
2. Forward exchange rates - the exchange rate governing a forward exchange
A forward exchange occurs when two parties agree to exchange currency and execute the deal at some specific date in the future
Forward rates are typically quoted for 30, 90, or 180 days into the future
3. Currency swap - the simultaneous purchase and sale of a given amount of foreign exchange for two different value dates
Swaps are used when it is desirable to move out of one currency into another for a limited period without incurring foreign exchange rate risk

7. The Nature of the FX Market
The foreign exchange market is a global network of banks, brokers, and foreign exchange dealers connected by electronic communications systems
The market is always open somewhere in the world
If exchange rates quoted in different markets were not essentially the same, there would be an opportunity for arbitrage: the process of buying a currency low and selling it high
Most transactions involve U.S. dollars on one side
The U.S. dollar is a vehicle currency
Internet Extra: Companies can anticipate how currencies might move by following various economic and political indicators. To explore the effect of these indicators on exchange rates, go to { Click on Market News and look at what variables might have influenced exchange rates.
Examine the effect of factors such as interest rates and geo-political tensions on exchange rates. What happens to a currency’s value of exchange rates or exports rise, or there is a threat of terrorism?
What factors should companies track to better predict what might happen to a currency’s value?

8. Exchange Rate Theories
Three factors that have an important impact on future exchange rate movements are:
A country’s price inflation
A country’s interest rate
Market psychology

9. How are prices related to exchange rate movements?
The law of one price: in competitive markets free of transportation costs and barriers to trade, identical products sold in different countries must sell for the same price when their price is expressed in terms of the same currency
Purchasing power parity (PPP): given relatively efficient markets (markets in which few impediments to international trade and investment exist) the price of a “basket of goods” should be roughly equivalent in each country

10. Prices and Exchange Rates
PPP predicts that changes in relative prices will result in changes in exchange rates
When inflation is relatively high, a currency should depreciate
So, if we can predict inflation rates, we can predict how a currency’s value might change
The growth of a country’s money supply determines its likely future inflation rate
When the growth in the money supply is greater than the growth in output, inflation will occur
Empirical testing of the PPP theory indicates that it is not completely accurate in estimating exchange rate changes in the short run, but is relatively accurate in the long run
Country Focus: Quantitative Easing, Inflation, and the Value of the U.S. Dollar
 Summary
 This feature describes the process of quantitative easing and its implications for the economy. The injection of money into the market by the Federal Reserve in the fall of 2010 was designed to help stimulate the struggling U.S. economy. The move was criticized though by those who felt the move would actually generate inflation and a falling dollar. Time proved the critics wrong as the value of the currency remained virtually unchanged for several months. Discussion of the feature can begin with the following questions.
 Suggested Discussion Questions
 1. What does the 2010 purchase by the Federal Reserve of $600 billion in U.S. government bonds tell you about U.S. fiscal policy? What was the Federal Reserve trying to accomplish?
 Discussion Points: The decision by the Federal Reserve to purchase $600 billion in U.S. government bonds suggests that the United States was trying to expand the money supply. A larger money supply implies lower interest rates. Lower interest rates decrease the cost of borrowing and should therefore increase investment in the economy. Most students will recognize that the goal of the Federal Reserve was to stimulate the U.S. economy
 2. Why did the Federal Reserve receive so much criticism for its policy of quantitative easing? Do you agree with the critics? Was the policy simply mercantilism in disguise?
 Discussion Points: Critics claim that the decision by the Federal Reserve to increase the money supply via quantitative easing was actually a form of protectionism, and in particular, simply a mercantilist policy. According to critics, the Federal Reserve’s policy would prompt a decline in the value of the U.S. dollar making it easier for U.S. companies to export, and harder for foreign companies to export their products to the United States. Most students will probably agree that the fears of the critics proved to be unfounded as the value of the dollar against a basket of major currencies remained virtually unchanged.
 Lecture Note: To extend this discussion, consider {

11. Interest Rates & Exchange Rates
The Fisher Effect states that a country’s nominal interest rate (i) is the sum of the required real rate of interest (r ) and the expected rate of inflation over the period for which the funds are to be lent (I)
In other words, i = r + I
So, if the real interest rate is the same everywhere, any difference in interest rates between countries reflects differing expectations about inflation rates
The International Fisher Effect suggests that for any two countries, the spot exchange rate should change in an equal amount but in the opposite direction to the difference in nominal interest rates between the two countries

12. Investor Psychology
The bandwagon effect occurs when expectations on the part of traders turn into self-fulfilling prophecies, and traders join the bandwagon and move exchange rates based on group expectations
Governmental intervention can prevent the bandwagon from starting, but is not always effective

13. Exchange Rate Summary
Relative monetary growth, relative inflation rates, and nominal interest rate differentials are all moderately good predictors of long-run changes in exchange rates, but poor predictors of short term changes
So, international businesses should pay attention to countries’ differing monetary growth, inflation, and interest rates

14. Currency Convertibility
Currencies are:
Freely convertible: both residents and non-residents can purchase unlimited amounts of foreign currency with the domestic currency
Externally convertible: only non-residents can convert their holdings of domestic currency into a foreign currency
Nonconvertible: both residents and non-residents are prohibited from converting their holdings of domestic currency into a foreign currency

15. Why do countries limit currency convertibility?
The main reason is to preserve foreign exchange reserves and prevent capital flight: when residents and nonresidents rush to convert their holdings of domestic currency into a foreign currency
In the case of a nonconvertible currency, firms may turn to countertrade (barter like agreements by which goods and services can be traded for other goods and services) to facilitate international trade

16. Three Forms of Exposure
1. Transaction exposure: the extent to which the income from individual transactions is affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange values
Can lead to a real monetary loss
2. Translation exposure: the impact of currency exchange rate changes on the reported financial statements of a company
Deals with the present measurement of past events
Gains and losses from translation exposure are reflected only on paper
3. Economic exposure: the extent to which a firm’s future international earning power is affected by changes in exchange rates
Concerned with the long-term effect of changes in exchange rates on future prices, sales, and costs

17. Reducing Exposure
How can firms minimize translation and transaction exposure?
Buy forward
Use swaps
Lead and lag payables and receivables: paying suppliers and collecting payment from customers early or late depending on expected exchange rate movements
How can a firm reduce economic exposure?
Firms need to distribute productive assets to various locations to avoid long-term financial problems associated with changes in exchange rates
To further manage foreign exchange risk, firms should
Establish central control to protect resources efficiently and ensure that each subunit adopts the correct mix of tactics and strategies
Distinguish between transaction and translation exposure on the one hand, and economic exposure on the other hand
Attempt to forecast future exchange rates
Establish good reporting systems so the central finance function can regularly monitor the firm’s exposure position
Produce monthly foreign exchange exposure reports