1. Animal Architecture

2. Structure Hierarchy Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System

3. Cell Structure Plasma membrane –Isolates cytoplasm from environment –Regulates molecular movement into and out of cell –Interacts with other cells/environment Cytoplasm –Water, salts, organic monomers and polymers –Often contains organelles Genetic material –DNA

5. Epithelial Tissue Covers internal and external structures Purpose –Protection –Secretion –Gas exchange Basement membrane and connective tissue support epithelial tissue

7. Connective Tissue Very diverse functions –Support  Cartilage, bone, dense, loose –Energy storage  Adipose –Gas exchange  Red blood cells –Immune system  White blood cells

9. Muscle Tissue Contain contractile unit composed of actin and myosin fibers Smooth Striated –Skeletal –Cardiac

10. Smooth Muscle –Invertebrates Body wall, ducts, sphincter –Vertebrates Controls diameter of tubes (blood vessels and digestive system) Involuntary

11. Striated Densely packed actin/myosin fibers gives striated appearance Multinucleated cells – syncytial Skeletal –Found in both vertebrates and invertebrates –Attaches to bones and cartilage in vertebrates Cardiac –Only found in vertebrate heart

17. Nervous Tissue Neurons – send and receive signals Neuroglia – support and protection

19. Metazoa Multicellular Motile (at some point in life cycle) Heterotrophic (consumer) Diploid (two sets of chromosomes) Development proceeding via a blastula

20. Choanoflagellate Protozoan Simple colonial flagellates No specialization Precursor to Metazoa

21. Spherical Colonies of Choanoflagellates Reproduction of the whole cell aggregate through gametes Cell specialization

22. Metazoa Classification

23. Three Basic Tissues Ectoderm –Outer germ layer –Skin, nervous system, etc… Mesoderm –Forms between ectoderm and endoderm –Connective tissue, muscle, vascular etc… Endoderm –Innermost germ layer –Gastrointestinal tract

24. Eumetazoa

25. Animal Symmetry Spherical – Radiolarians (protists) Radial – Cnidarians (jellyfish) Bilateral – Acoelomates (flatworms)

26. Symmetry

27. Developmental Patterns Cleavage Pattern –Radial vs. Spiral –Regulative vs. Mosaic Blastopore formation Coelom formation

28. Mesoderm and Coelomic Formation

29. Protostomes Vs. Deuterostomes Protostomes –Molluscs –Annelids –Pseudocoelomates –Acoelomates Deuterostomes –Chordates –Echinoderms

31. Bilateria

32. Protostomes Body Plans

33. Segmentation Body divided into somites (segments) Phyla –Annelida –Arthropoda –Chordata

34. Cephalization Concentration of nervous tissue –Development of brain and senses –Movement toward stimulus

35. Overview of Body Plans