1. Culture of Marine Shrimp Culture of Marine Shrimp By Leonard Lovshin Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquaculture Auburn University, AL 36849 USA

2. Major Culture Species Pacific white shrimp Peneaus vannamei Pacific tiger shrimp Peneaus monodon

3. Native Range P. vannamei P. monodon

4. Pacific white shrimp biology  Food habits – benthic organizms, detritus  Preferred water temperatures – 25 to 30 o C  Preferred salinity – 15 to 25 ppt  Sexual maturity - 1 year

5. Life Cycle Adults spawn at sea, the eggs and larvae drift to inshore estuaries where the juveniles grow. Adults move back to sea to spawn.

6. Marine shrimp have been harvested from coastal waters, processed and shipped as frozen product for many years. Shrimp farmers took advantage of the infrastructure to market cultured shrimp.

7. Shrimp postlarvae can be captured from the wild Push nets

8. Shrimp postlarvae can be produced in hatcheries Nauplii stage Zoea stage Mysis stage

9. Mature adults for spawning in hatcheries are captured from the ocean or raised in captivity. Ocean captivity broodstock

10. Wild and hatchery produced postlarvae are stocked into earthen ponds for grow-out

11. Ponds should be built on salt flats, which are covered during high tide twice a month. Mangrove forest should be preserved. Mangroves are flooded daily by the high tides

12. Ponds are 5 to 10 ha in area, water depth averages 1 m and bottoms are flat and slope to a drain to aid shrimp harvest.

13. Ponds are filled with saltwater pumped from estuaries into canals that distribute water to every pond. diesel pumps

14. Drain structures are “monks” or sluice gates which control water level, top or bottom water release and keep shrimp from escaping the pond.

15. Shrimp can be cultured: 1.Extensively 2.Semi-intensively 3.Intensively

16. Postlarvae enter the pond with the tide or are stocked at < 4/m 3. Sometimes the pond entrance is screened to limit entrance of predators. Water is not fertilized and shrimp are not fed. Extensive culture

17. Semi-intensive culture Postlarvae are stocked into ponds at 15 to 25/m 3 and are fed daily. Some water exchange is practiced to maintain water quality.

18. Shrimp are fed sinking pellets which are distributed over the pond surface. Feeding trays are sometimes used to help determine shrimp appetite.

19. Intensive Culture Shrimp are stocked at 35 - 250/m 2 in tanks and small ponds with heavy aeration and water exchange.

20. Ponds are fed daily Shrimp are sampled weekly to check growth rate Intensive Culture

21. Expansion of pond area leads to poor water quality and high shrimp mortality Water intake pipes and effluent release in Taiwan

22. Diseases have reduced the shrimp harvest in many countries. Black-spot disease Taura virus

23. Shrimp are benthic animals and live on the pond bottom. Pond bottoms should be dried to oxidize organic matter in pond mud before stocking shrimp. Reducing organic material improves water quality.

24. Shrimp are harvested as they pass through the sluice gate during pond draining.

25. Yields are: 1.Extensive – 500 kg/ha/crop 2. Semi-intensive – 1,000 to 1,500 kg/ha/crop 3. Intensive – 10,000 to 20,000 kg/ha/crop

26. Shrimp are transported to processors that freeze the whole or deheaded shrimp in blocks of water by size.

27. Most cultured shrimp is exported to the U. S., Europe and Japan.

28. 3,081 mmt 1,087 mmt The harvest of marine shrimp by wild capture and aquaculture in 2000

29. World harvest of farmed marine shrimp in 2000 was 1,087,111 MT Ecuador 81000 MT India 73,000 MT China 114,000 MT Thailand 204,000 MT Indonesia 98,000 MT

30. The East produced 90% of the world farmed marine shrimp while the West produced 10 %.

31. Harvest of marine shrimp in the U. S. in 1999 was 2,098 MT, less than 0.2 % of world harvest.

32. Excellent markets and ease of culture has made shrimp one of the fastest growing aquaculture industries during the past 20 years. THE END