2. In 1954, the Civil Rights movement began with the Brown v BOE decision, but the rest of American society remained segregated The NAACP showed that the 14 th Amendment could be used to challenge segregation Civil rights leaders continued the fight for equality until segregation came to an end in 1965

3. Brown v Board of Education in 1954 The Topeka school district denied Linda Brown from attending a white school 4 blocks from her house NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall used the 14 th Amendment to attack public school segregation The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Brown v Board of Education (1954) ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal”

4. The decision overturned the Plessy v Ferguson (1896) “separate but equal” precedent At first, President Eisenhower left enforcement of Brown up to states & did not enforce the decision

5. In 1957, President Eisenhower was forced to support integration Arkansas governor Orval Faubus called the National Guard to keep black students from enrolling in Little Rock’s Central High School Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus

6. Eisenhower sent the Army to force integration for the black students (the “Little Rock Nine”)Little Rock Nine

7. George Wallace He was a 3 term Governor of Alabama who was Pro-Segregation policies during the 1960s He received national attention when he stood at the door of the University of Alabama in a symbolic attempts to prevent 2 African American students from enrolling at that school. (stop video at 4:23)

8. Lester Maddox He was a restaurant owner who refused to let African Americans into his restaurant. He received national attention when he was threatening to hit the African Americans trying to enter his restaurant with an axe handle. Instead of allowing Africans into his restaurant he sold it.

9. In 1955, Rosa Parks’ arrest for disobeying an Alabama law requiring segregation on city buses sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott

10. Minister Martin Luther King, Jr. organized a 381-day boycott of the bus system to protest segregation The boycott led to the integration of city buses & to the rise of MLK as the leader of black civil rights

11. The success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott led MLK to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 The SCLC was formed to use activism & non-violent protest to bring an end to segregation The SCLC soon overtook the NAACP as the leading civil rights group in America The SCLC was based on peaceful resistance & Christian love: “We will meet your physical force with soul force. We will not hate you, but we will not obey your evil laws. We will wear you down by pure capacity to suffer.”

12. Martin Luther King’s non-violent approach inspired other groups to act In 1960, students from NC A&T led a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, NC

14. The “sit-in” movement led to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Non-violent resistance training, Atlanta 1960

15. In 1961 “Freedom Riders” rode buses throughout the South to test whether integration orders were being enforced Freedom riders faced arrest & violence but exposed the lack of enforcement of desegregation laws in the Deep South

16. Closing Task 4-6-16 ■ You are to complete the graphic organizer of the Civil Rights Political Organizations.

17. Martin Luther King Jr. 4-7-16

18. In 1963, MLK organized a march to integrate Birmingham, Alabama Dr. King called Birmingham “the most segregated big city in the South” Birmingham was considered the “most segregated city in America” MLK’s strategy was to confront segregation through peaceful marches, rallies, & boycotts

19. Birmingham Police commissioner Bull Connor used violence to suppress the demonstrations

20. During the march in Birmingham, MLK was arrested While in jail, MLK wrote an open letter called “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” in response to white leaders who believed King was pushing too fast towards civil rights

21. TV reports of the violence in Birmingham made it difficult for average Americans to ignore segregation Public outrage over police brutality forced Birmingham officials to end segregation The Birmingham march was a turning point in the Civil Rights movement Events in Birmingham revealed the need for greater action by the national government

22. Among those watching the violence on TV was President John F Kennedy who committed to a national civil rights act to end discrimination

23. In 1963, civil rights leaders led a March on Washington to pressure Congress to pass a civil rights bill 250,000 people assembled in Washington DC to hear speakers including MLK MLK delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech about a future without prejudice or segregation

24. By 1963, the momentum of the civil rights movement caused President Kennedy to draft a civil rights bill that would outlaw all segregation But, before the law could be written, President Kennedy was assassinated in November 22, 1963 VP Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency & pushed the bill through Congress

25. President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 The law outlawed discrimination based on race, religion, & gender & ended most Jim Crow laws The law integrated restaurants & hotels & gave the Justice Dept power to sue businesses that failed to comply with the law

26. LBJ signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Banned literacy tests & sent federal voting officials into the South to protect voters Voter turnout & registration increased among black citizens African Americans elected black politicians for the 1 st time since Reconstruction

27. The Civil Rights movement of the 1950s & 1960s finally brought an end to segregation African Americans brought an end to segregation and gained true voting rights The Civil Rights movement inspired other minority groups to demand equality

28. Closing Task 4-7-16 Martin Luther King, Jr. vs. Malcolm X ■ Who was Malcolm X? – Read background information, watch the Malcolm X video, answer the questions – Match the quotations with the appropriate author & complete the Venn diagram

29. 4-8-16

30. Closing Task 4-8-16 In a group students will travel to 8 different stations to research each court case and complete a handout on the civil rights court cases.

31. Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson(1896) – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states can constitutionally enact legislation requiring persons of different races to use “separate but equal” segregated facilities. Example of Effects: Facilities such as bathrooms, theaters, railroad cars, etc., remained segregated and often unequal

32. Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education – argued by Thurgood Marshall in 1954, challenged the “separate-but-equal” philosophy which fostered inadequate educational systems for African Americans. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was prohibited by the U.S. Constitution.

33. Mendez v. Westminster Mendez v. Westminster – federal court case that challenged racial segregation in Orange County, California schools. The District court held that segregating “Mexican” and “Mexican American” students into different “Mexican” schools was unconstitutional (1946).

34. Mendez V. Westminster In 1945,Gonzalo Mendez was not allowed to register at Westminster Main School, an all white school in Orange County, California. In California there were separate public schools for Mexican and Latin descent children due to segregation.

35. Mendez V. Westminster The Legal Question?? Does segregation of Mexican-American children deny them equal protection under the law? Outcome of the Case Case never reached the U.S. Supreme Court; California did not have a state law requiring segregation of Latino children

36. Hernandez v. Texas Hernandez v. Texas – U.S. Supreme Court case that decided Mexican Americans and other racial groups had equal protection under the 14th Amendment (1954).

37. Hernandez V. Texas In 1951, Pete Hernandez commits murder in Jackson County Texas. The all Anglo jury that found Hernandez guilty and sentenced to life in prison.

38. Hernandez V. Texas The Legal Question?? Was Hernandez denied equal protection under the law because it was an all Anglo jury even though 14% of the community was of Mexican descent? Outcome of the Case Justice Earl Warren overturned the conviction (unanimous decision by U.S. Supreme Court) because the jury was not representative and excluded Mexicans from serving on the jury.

39. Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D. Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D. – U.S. Federal District Court case that decided the separation of Mexican American children based on national origin was illegal. It forced the integration of children in Texas schools, but did allow separate classes for the first grade only, for language deficient or non-English speaking students (1948).

40. Delgado V. Bastrop ISD In 1948 in Del Rio Texas, Mexican American children in various school districts were segregated into separate schools.

41. Delgado V. Bastrop ISD The Legal Question?? If there is no state law requiring segregation of Mexican American children and Anglo children does it violate the equal protection clause? Outcome of the Case This case had little impact because children were still segregated based on language deficiency.

42. Edgewood I.S.D. v. Kirby Edgewood I.S.D. v. Kirby – a landmark case concerning public school finance and discrimination against students in poor school districts. This Texas case led to the decision to redistribute property taxes from wealthy school districts to poorer ones (1993).

43. Edgewood ISD V. Kirby In 1968 in San Antonio, Texas, Demetrio Rodriguez and other parents with students in Edgewood I.S.D. argued that the division of the funds of the different school districts was unfair. Since the division was based on property taxes not all of the schools received the same amount of money.

44. Edgewood I.S.D. V. Kirby The Legal Question?? Does the dividing of the funding between school districts violate the Texas Constitution in providing an efficient system of public schools? Outcome of the Case The Texas Supreme Court ruled in favor of Edgewood I.S.D. stating that children living in poor districts had a less access to an equal education.

45. Sweatt v. Painter Sweatt v. Painter – a young African American man was refused admission to the University of Texas Law School. The U.S. Supreme Court said the separation was illegal because the school was not equal due to the Equal Protection Clause. To reach equality you must consider the quantitative differences and the intangible factors (1950).

46. Sweatt v. Painter The State of Texas delayed 6 months in order to create a “separate” law school in Houston for African Americans. Later the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the Texas Supreme Court ruling allowing this action.

47. Wisconsin v. Yoder(1972) Wisconsin v. Yoder(1972) – The U.S. Supreme Court decided Amish children could not be placed in compulsory schools past 8th grade because it violated the parents’ rights to freedom of religion (Free Exercise Clause)

48. Effects of Wisconsin v. Yoder Example of Effects: Prohibited states from claiming absolute right to compel school attendance beyond the eighth grade or to intrude in how families raise their children

49. White v. Regester (1973) White v. Regester (1973) – case in which a District Court challenged the 1970 Texas reapportionment of legislative districts. The U.S. Supreme Court decided that the restructuring discriminated against different groups in various districts

51. On 04/04/1968, while standing on a balcony outside his room at the Lorraine Motel, Martin Luther King Jr. was struck by a sniper's bullet. Start Video at 3:50

53. The Shooter The shooter, a malcontent drifter and former convict named James Earl Ray apprehended after a two-month, international manhunt. The killing sparked riots and demonstrations in more than 100 cities across the country. In 1969, Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He died in prison on April 23, 1998.

54. JFK’s assassination had important consequences for America The “martyrdom” of JFK put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 VP Lyndon Johnson carried out JFK’s “war on poverty” LBJ enacted his own program called the “Great Society” with civil rights, medical, environmental, & social programs

55. Great Society Great Society – set of domestic programs designed to eliminate poverty and racial injustice. His programs included equality of opportunity, enrichment of urban life, restoration of natural beauty, expansion of education, ending poverty, health care for the elderly and greater racial equality.

56. Affirmative Action Affirmative Action – refers to the steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded.

57. Title IX Title IX – "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance..." Title IX is best known for its impact on high school and collegiate athletics.

58. Head Start Head Start –provides early educational opportunities for children from low income families

59. Federal Housing Authority Federal Housing Authority – improve housing standards and conditions.

60. Upward Bound Upward Bound – foster healthy development of young children from low income families

61. Closing Task 4-11-16 You are to complete the timeline activity by matching the letter in the appropriate area.