1. Energy Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow KceeI 7/27/12 WilliamFreeman, John Farris, Mark Hopkins and Michael Motsko

2. Yesterday – Burning Wood Heat Light Cooking

3. Yesterday – Fossil Fuels Coal, oil, and natural gas formed from plants and animals that lived up to 300 million years ago. Fossil fuels are found in deposits beneath the Earth’s surface. Fossil fuels are an exhaustible energy source because it takes millions of years for them to form. In the 19th century we started to extract and use fossil fuels for energy.

4. Energy Today 85% of U.S. energy consumption is still fossil fuels. 34% of U.S. energy needs are imported. 64% of the petroleum used in the U.S. is imported.

5. Energy Today The 7% of renewable energy used in the U.S. is divided into 5 sources as shown below.

6. What is Energy Used for Today?

7. Energy in the Future – Petroleum At current levels of consumption, the world’s oil reserves are expected to last about 40 years. There may be some oil that is currently undetected, but it cannot be economically extracted with current technology.

8. Energy in the Future – Natural Gas Known gas reserves are expected to last about 60 years at current consumption levels with current technology.

9. Energy in the Future – Coal If we continue to use coal at the current consumption rate, we expect to run out in about 200 years.

10. Energy in the Future We are using fossil fuels that were made more than 300 million years ago. They are not renewable; they can’t really be made again. We can save fossil fuels by –Conserving energy –Using alternative energy sources

11. Alternative Energy – Future More money and research will go into developing alternative energy sources. Hydropower Renewable gravitational energy of moving water Wind Renewable kinetic energy from moving air Nuclear Non- renewable potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom Biomass Renewable stored chemical energy from wood, garbage, and agricultural wastes

12. Alternative Energy – Future Many career opportunities will be involved with the research and development of alternative energy sources. Solar Renewable radiant energy from the sun Geothermal Renewable heat energy from beneath the Earth’s surface

13. Smart Grid - Future Smart Grid technology changes the way we manage and distribute energy by making our current power grid more intelligent. A Smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability.

14. Web Resources Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/fossil.htm Fossil Fuels- Environmental Impact http://www.dulabab.com/energy-transportation/fossil-fuels/ Fossil Fuels- What are They?... http://www.ecokids.ca/pub/eco_info/topics/energy/ecostats/index.cfm Franklin Institute: History of Energy http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/energy.html Institute for Energy Research- Fossil Fuels http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/energy-overview/fossil-fuels/ Union of Concerned Scientists: A Short History of Energy http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/a-short-history-of-energy.html/ Biofuel – A term given to harvesting energy from biodegradable plant material. Biofuels do not produce any more carbon dioxide than they consume, so they do not contribute to global warming Carbon Dioxide – Commonly written as CO2. It is a molecule that is released when we burn many fossil fuels, especially coal. While it is the most common greenhouse gas, a certain amount is also necessary for our survival because plants use carbon dioxide to make the oxygen we breathe. Ecological Footprint – A way of measuring how much of an impact a person or community has on the Earth. Someone who uses more natural resources will have a bigger footprint than someone who uses less Energy – A way to describe the use of power. Electricity is a form of energy usually created by fossil fuel. It can also mean the capacity to do work. Fossil Fuels – Fossil fuels come from organisms like dinosaurs that lived long ago and have been buried underground for many years. People use fossil fuels like gas, coal, and oil to create the energy that power our cars, homes, and factories. There is a limited amount of fossil fuel on the Earth, and fossil fuels produce pollution when we use them for energy. Global Warming – Also known as the “Greenhouse Effect”. Most scientists believe global warming is happening right now. When too many greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane are trapped in the atmosphere, the temperature on the Earth rises causing the ice at the north and south poles to melt. This raises the water level in the oceans and different places on the earth slowly get hotter or colder. If it goes on long enough, global warming could change rainforests to deserts and dry areas to wet ones. Greenhouse Gas – The term given to any gas that traps heat in the atmosphere. It does this by letting the sun’s energy through, but not back out – like a glass window. Common greenhouse gasses are carbon dioxide and methane. Natural Gas - The cleanest fossil fuel because it produces half as much carbon dioxide as coal. If you have a gas barbeque, fireplace, or stove, it is using natural gas. Natural gas comes from under the Earth’s surface. Natural Resources – Materials used by people and industry which are found naturally on earth. Water, coal, trees, and fish are examples. We use natural resources in our daily lives when we eat, build, travel, and wear clothes. Nonrenewable Energy – Energy sources that can be used only once or do not replace themselves. Fossil fuels like coal and oil are examples. Nonrenewable energy also has a limited supply. Renewable Energy – A term referring to anything capable of producing energy and that can be used over and over again. Water is an example. Renewable energy sources such as sunlight and wind power are not actually reused, but are so abundant that they are impossible to use up (inexhaustible). These forms of energy contrast with nonrenewable energy forms like coal, oil, and natural gas Sustainability – A term used to describe a situation where everyone on Earth lives in a way that does not exceed the amount of resources the Earth provides. This way of living would allow humans to live forever on the Earth with no major environmental consequences

15. Vocabulary Biofuel – A term given to harvesting energy from biodegradable plant material. Biofuels do not produce any more carbon dioxide than they consume, so they do not contribute to global warming Carbon Dioxide – Commonly written as CO2. It is a molecule that is released when we burn many fossil fuels, especially coal. While it is the most common greenhouse gas, a certain amount is also necessary for our survival because plants use carbon dioxide to make the oxygen we breathe. Ecological Footprint – A way of measuring how much of an impact a person or community has on the Earth. Someone who uses more natural resources will have a bigger footprint than someone who uses less Energy – A way to describe the use of power. Electricity is a form of energy usually created by fossil fuel. It can also mean the capacity to do work. Fossil Fuels – Fossil fuels come from organisms like dinosaurs that lived long ago and have been buried underground for many years. People use fossil fuels like gas, coal, and oil to create the energy that power our cars, homes, and factories. There is a limited amount of fossil fuel on the Earth, and fossil fuels produce pollution when we use them for energy. Global Warming – Also known as the “Greenhouse Effect”. Most scientists believe global warming is happening right now. When too many greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane are trapped in the atmosphere, the temperature on the Earth rises causing the ice at the north and south poles to melt. This raises the water level in the oceans and different places on the earth slowly get hotter or colder. If it goes on long enough, global warming could change rainforests to deserts and dry areas to wet ones. Greenhouse Gas – The term given to any gas that traps heat in the atmosphere. It does this by letting the sun’s energy through, but not back out – like a glass window. Common greenhouse gasses are carbon dioxide and methane. Natural Gas - The cleanest fossil fuel because it produces half as much carbon dioxide as coal. If you have a gas barbeque, fireplace, or stove, it is using natural gas. Natural gas comes from under the Earth’s surface. Natural Resources – Materials used by people and industry which are found naturally on earth. Water, coal, trees, and fish are examples. We use natural resources in our daily lives when we eat, build, travel, and wear clothes. Nonrenewable Energy – Energy sources that can be used only once or do not replace themselves. Fossil fuels like coal and oil are examples. Nonrenewable energy also has a limited supply. Renewable Energy – A term referring to anything capable of producing energy and that can be used over and over again. Water is an example. Renewable energy sources such as sunlight and wind power are not actually reused, but are so abundant that they are impossible to use up (inexhaustible). These forms of energy contrast with nonrenewable energy forms like coal, oil, and natural gas Sustainability – A term used to describe a situation where everyone on Earth lives in a way that does not exceed the amount of resources the Earth provides. This way of living would allow humans to live forever on the Earth with no major environmental consequences

16. Standards for Technological Literacy Standard 1: Students will develop an understanding of the characteristics and scope of technology. BM F:New products and systems can be developed to solve problems or to help do things that could not be done without the help of technology BM G:The development of technology is a human activity and is the result of individual or corporate needs and the ability to be creative. BM H:Technology is closely linked to creativity, which has resulted in innovation. BM I:Corporations can often create demand for a product by bringing it onto the market and advertising it. Standard 2: Students will develop an understanding of the core concepts of technology. BM M:Technological systems include input, processes, output, and, at times, feedback. BM N:Systems thinking involves considering how every part relates to others. BM P:Technological systems can be connected to one another. BM Q:Malfunctions of any part of a system may affect the function and quality of the system. Standard 3: Students will develop an understanding of the relationships among technologies and the connections between technology and other fields of study. BM D:Technological systems often interact with one another. BM E:A product, system, or environment developed for one setting may be applied to another setting. BM F:Knowledge gained from other fields of study has a direct effect on the development of technological products and systems. Standard 4: Students will develop an understanding of the cultural, social, economic, and political effects of technology. BM D:The use of technology affects humans in various ways, including their safety, comfort, choices, and attitudes about technology’s development and use. BM G:Economic, political, and cultural issues are influenced by the development and use of technology. Standard 5: Students will develop an understanding of the effects of technology on the environment. BM D:The management of waste produced by technological systems is an important societal issue. BM E:Technologies can be used to repair damage caused by natural disasters and to break down waste from the use of various products and systems. BM F:Decisions to develop and use technologies often put environmental and economic concerns in direct competition with one another. BM H:When new technologies are developed to reduce the use of resources, considerations of trade-offs are important.

17. Academic Standards for Environment and Ecology 4.2.10. GRADE 10 A. Explain that renewable and nonrenewable resources supply energy and materials. – Identify alternative sources of energy. – Identify and compare fuels used in industrial and agricultural societies. – Compare and contrast the cycles of various natural resources. – Explain food and fiber as renewable resources. B. Evaluate factors affecting availability of natural resources. – Describe natural occurrences that may affect the natural resources. – Analyze technologies that affect the use of our natural resources. – Evaluate the effect of consumer desires on various natural resources. C. Analyze how man-made systems have impacted the management and distribution of natural resources. – Explain the complete cycle of a natural resource, from extraction to disposal, detailing its uses and effects on the environment. – Analyze energy uses and energy conservation in different regions. – Examine conservation practices in different countries. – Analyze the costs and benefits of different man-made systems and how they use renewable and nonrenewable natural resources. – Analyze the impact of information systems on management and distribution of natural resources. D. Explain different management alternatives involved in recycling and solid waste management. – Analyze the manufacturing process (before, during and after) with consideration for resource recovery. – Compare various methods dealing with solid waste (e.g., incineration, compost, land application). – Differentiate between pre/post consumer and raw materials. – Illustrate how one natural resource can be managed through reduction, –recycling, reuse or use. 4.2.12. GRADE 12 A. Analyze the use of renewable and nonrenewable resources. – Explain the effects on the environment and sustainability through the use of nonrenewable resources. – Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of reusing our natural resources. B. Analyze factors affecting the availability of renewable and nonrenewable resources. – Evaluate the use of natural resources and offer approaches for using them while diminishing waste. – Compare the economics of different areas based on the availability and accessibility of the natural resources. C. Analyze factors that influence the availability of natural resources. – Compare the use of natural resources in different countries. – Determine how delivery systems influence the availability of resources at the local, regional and national level. D. Evaluate solid waste management practices. – Examine and explain the path of a recyclable material from collection to waste, reuse or recycling identifying the market forces. – Understand current regulations concerning recycling and solid waste. – Research new technologies in the use, reuse or recycling of materials.

18. Image Resources Microsoft, Inc. (2009). Clip art. Retrieved July 25, 2012, from http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx