1. SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE LECTURE # 2 SOFTWARE QUALITY

2. Contact Information 2  Instructor: Rashid Mahmood Lecturer  Email: rashidbaryar@gmail.com Office hours: Will update you soon

3.  Quality Quality Types Quality Control Different views of Quality Quality Models Topics to Cover 4

4. Quality  Quality means:: meeting the customer ‟ s requirements, at the agreed cost, within the agreed timescales. “Fitness for purpose” [Joseph M Juran] Customer satisfaction 5

5. Quality Definitions [3,4]  There are many quality definitions some of them are listed below The American Heritage dictionary defines quality as „a characteristic or attribute of something ‟. IEEE Glossary: Degree to which a system, component, or process meets (1) specified requirements, and (2) customer or user needs or expectations ISO 8402: The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy specified or implied needs Another definition, coined by Gerald Weinberg in Quality Software Management: Systems Thinking, is "Quality is value to some person." This definition stresses that quality is inherently subjective - different people will experience the quality of the same software very differently. 6

6. Software Quality [1] [12]    Software Quality can be defined as, “Conformance to explicitly stated functional and performance requirements, explicitly documented development standards, and implicit characteristics that are expected of all professionally developed software” [Roger Pressman. Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach McGraw Hill 6 ed 2004] This definition emphasizes three important points Software requirements are the foundation from which quality is measured. Lack of conformance to requirements is lack of quality Specified standards define a set of development criteria that guide the way in which software is engineered. If the criteria are not followed, lack of quality will almost surely result. If a software conforms to its explicit requirements but fails to meet implicit requirements, software quality is suspect. 7

7.  Quality of Design Quality of Conformance Quality Types 8

8. Quality Types [5,6]  Quality of Design (how well software is designed ) measures how valid the design are in creating a worthwhile product Quality of design is the quality which the producer or supplier is intending to offer to the customer. When the producer is making the quality of design of the product, he should take into consideration the customer's requirements in order to satisfy them with fitness for use of the product. Quality of Design is extremely important, and it is said that design is only 5% of the product cost, but has a 70% influence on quality, manufacturability, serviceability, and general acceptance in the market. Customer focused organizations must continuously work on improving the Quality of Design; and improving the quality of design will also have a positive impact on the Quality of Conformance. 9

9. Quality Types [5,6,7]  Quality of Conformance (how well the software conforms to that design)  Quality of conformance is the level of the quality of product actually produced and delivered through the production or service process of the organization as per the specifications or design. When the quality of a product entirely conforms to the specification (design), the quality of conformance is deemed excellent. It focuses on implementation based on the design. Specifications are targets and tolerances determined by the designer of a product. Targets are the ideal values for which production is expected to strive; tolerances are acceptable deviations from these ideal values recognizing that it is difficult to meet the exact targets all the time due to variability in material, machine, men and process. 10

10. Objective Quality VS Perceived Quality [14]  Quality might be the most important factor underlying the long-term success of products and firms. The business press routinely cites quality as the cause of firm success and failure. Objective quality is operationalized as a composite of instrument measures and expert ratings on multiple product attributes. For example, a personal computer’s objective quality attributes include processing speed, hard disk capacity, reliability, and features like the modem. Objective quality does not include intangible attributes like aesthetics and brand image or salesperson behavior. Perceived quality is the overall subjective judgment of quality relative to 11 the expectation of quality. These expectations are based on one’s own and others’ experiences, and on sources including brand reputation, price, and advertising. It is not necessary to use or examine a product to form perceptions of quality.

11. Objective Quality VS Perceived Quality  However, it is now well established that it is not the objective quality but rather customers’ perceptions of quality that drive preferences and, ultimately, satisfaction, loyalty, sales, and profitability. Numerous anecdotes suggest that customer perceptions of quality do not reflect objective quality. Companies frequently find that negative perceptions persist even after products perform well in quality tests. For example it took Google three years after its launch to be perceived as the superior search engine. 12

12. Quality Control 14

13. Quality Control [1]  What is quality control? Quality control is defined as the processes and methods used to monitor work and observe whether requirements are met. It focuses on reviews and removal of defects before shipment of products. It is possible to have the same group that builds the product perform the quality control function, or to establish a quality control group or department within the organizational unit that develops the product. For software products, quality control typically includes specification reviews, inspections of code and documents, and checks for user deliverables. 15

14. Quality Control  Objective minimize the produced defects, increase the product quality  Implementation approaches Fully automated Entirely manual Combination of automated tools and human interactions 16

15. Quality Assurance VS Quality Control [11]  Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives. Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product. One of the major points of quality control vs. QA is that assurance of quality is done before starting a project whereas the quality control begins once the product has been manufactured. Assurance of quality is a proactive or preventive 17 process to avoid defects whereas quality control is a corrective process to identify the defects in order to correct them.

16. Variation Control [1]  Variation is the heart of quality control We want to minimize the difference between the predicted resources needed to complete a project and actual resources used including Staff, equipment and time 18

17. Different Views of Quality 19  Transcendental View User View Manufacturing View Product View Value based View

18. Different views of Quality  Transcendental view: sees quality as something that can be recognized but not defined. quality is universally identifiable, absolute unique and perfect Those who hold transcendental view would say, “I can’t define it, but I know when I see it.” associated with intangible properties that delight users Advertisers are fond of promoting products in these terms. “Where shoping is a pleasure” (supermarket), “We love to fly and it shows” (airline), and “It means beautiful eyes” (cosmetics) are example. 20

19. Different views of Quality [12]  User view: fitness for purpose or meeting user ‟ s needs User based definitions are based on the idea that quality is an individual matter, and products that best satisfy their preferences (i.e. perceived quality) are those with the highest quality. This is a rational approach but leads to problems.  Consumer preferences vary widely, and it is difficult to aggregate these preferences into products with wide appeal. This leads to the choice between a niche strategy or a market aggregation approach which tries to identify those product attributes that meet the needs of the largest number of consumers. 21

20. Different views of Quality [12]  Manufacturing view: conformance to process standards or the right development of the product Manufacturing-based definitions are concerned primarily with engineering and manufacturing practices and use the universal definition of “conformance to requirements.” Requirements, or specifications, are established design, and any deviation implies a reduction in quality. The concept applies to services as well as products. 22

21. Different Views of Quality [12]  Product view: inherent characteristics in the product itself Hypothesis: If a product is manufactured with good internal properties, then it will have good external properties. Example: Modularity enables testability. For example reliability can be measured (e.g. mean time between failure), and the engineer can design to that benchmark. Quality is determined objectively. Although this approach has many benefits, it has limitations as well. Where quality is based on individual taste or preference, the benchmark for measurement may be misleading. 23

22. Different Views of Quality [12]  Value-based view: customers willingness to pay Value-based quality is defined in terms of costs and prices as well as a number of other attributes. Thus, the consumer’s purchase decision is based on quality (however it is defined) at the acceptable price. Central idea  How much a customer is willing to pay for a certain level of quality. Quality is meaningless if a product does not make economic sense. The value-based view makes a trade-off between cost and quality. 24

23. People/user Quality Expectation People’s quality expectation for software systems they use and rely upon are two-fold:  The software system must do what they are supposed to do. In other words, they must do the right things (Validation) They must perform these specific tasks correctly. In other words, they must do the things right (Verification)  Verification --> refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a specific function. Validation - -> refers to a different set of activities that ensure that the software that has been built is traceable to customer requirements. 25

24. Internal/Producer Quality Expectations  For managers: adherence to process standards, proper choice of methodologies and tools Service related producers: usability, maintainability 3 rd party or software packaging producers: modularity Marketing personnel: profitability and customer value 26

25.  McCall ‟ s Model ISO 9126 Model IEEE Model FURPS Model GQM Approach Quality Models 27

26. Quality Models [9,10]  A Quality Model is defined as, “ the set of characteristics and the relationships between them which provides the basis for specifying quality requirements and evaluating quality” Software quality is described by specific quality models Standard quality models McCall ISO/IEC 9126 IEEE  Application or company specific quality models FURPS GQM Approach 28

27. McCall’s Factor-Criteria-Metrics Model Classification into :  Factors (to specify):  They describe the external view of the software, as viewed by the users.  Criteria (to build):  They describe the internal view of the software, as seen by the developer.  Metrics (to control):  They are defined and used to provide a 29 scale and method for measurement.

28. McCall’s Quality Factors and Criteria  McCall, Richards, and Walters studied the concept of software quality in terms of two key concepts as follows: quality factors, and quality criteria.  A quality factor represents the behavioral characteristic of a system.  Examples: correctness, reliability, efficiency, testability, portability e.t.c  A quality criterion is an attribute of a quality factor that is related to software development.  Example: Modularity is an attribute of the architecture of a software system. A highly modular software 30 allows designers to put cohesive components in one module, thereby increasing the maintainability of the system.

29. McCall’s 11 Quality Factors 32    Product Revision Maintainability - Can I fix it? Flexibility - Can I change it? Testability - Can I test it? Product Transition Portability - Will I be able to use on another machine? Reusability - Will I be able to reuse some of the software? Interoperability - Will I be able to interface it with another application? Product Operation Correctness - Does it do what I want? Reliability - Does it do it accurately all the time? Efficiency - Will it run on my machine as well as it can? Integrity - Is it secure? Usability - Can I run it? Attributesof QualityFactors

30. McCall’s Quality Criteria 33  Some Quality Criteria ‟ s from McCall ‟ s Model is listed below: Accuracy (The precisions of computations and outputs) Completeness (The degree to which the full implementation of the required functionalities has been achieved) Error Tolerance (The degree to which the continuity of operations is ensured under adverse conditions) Expandability (The degree to which software functions can be expanded ) Hardware Independence (The degree to which the software is dependent on the underlying hardware) Modularity (The provision of highly independent modules) Simplicity (The ease with which the software can be understood)

31. References 35 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Software Engineering by Roger Pressman faculty.winthrop.edu/dannellys/csci626/02_Definition.ppt www.heppenstall.ca/academics/doc/320/L01_www.heppenstall.ca/academics/doc/320/L01_SoftwareQuality.pdf.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality http://www.businessgyan.com/node/2625 http://www.openlearningworld.com/books/Quality%20by%20Design/Quality%20by%20Design /Quality%20of%20Design%20and%20Quality%20of%20Conformance.html http://churmura.com/general/quality-of-conformance/31600/ http://mktsci.journal.informs.org/content/25/3/230.abstract http://www.bth.se/tek/besq.nsf/%28WebFiles%29/CF1C3230DB425EDCC125706900317C44 /$FILE/chapter_1.pdf http://www.heppenstall.ca/academics/doc/320/L01_SoftwareQuality.pdf http://www.totalqualityassuranceservices.com/quality-control-vs-quality-assurance-the-difference- between-them/ http://totalqualitymanagement.wordpress.com/2009/08/27/definition-of-quality/ http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_implicit_and_explicit_meaning http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/sternbusiness/spring_2007/qualityControl.html

32. For any query Feel Free to ask 36