1. Ms. Tasich Chapter 11 – Resources + Energy

2. Section 11.1 – Mineral Resources  The Earth’s crust contains a large # of useful mineral resources – scientists have discovered over 3,000 of them  These are called non-renewable resources because their supply is limited  The others that can be replenished are called renewable resources  What are some examples of each?

3. Metal vs. Non-Metal Mineral Resources  Mineral resources are considered to be either metals or non-metals  The first consist of shiny surfaces and conduct heat + electricity; they can also be bent into sheets for further use  The second consist of a dull surface and are poor conductors of heat + electricity  Which would be a better insulator for a hot-water pipe – metal or a non-metal? Why?

4. Formation of Ores  First of all, an ore can be either a metal or a non-metal  Some are found as native elements (uncombined) while most are forms of chemically combined elements  Gold (Au), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and Mercury (Hg) are all examples

5. Ores + Cooling Magma  This process occurs when magma cools, dense metallic minerals sink to the body of magma  Layers then accumulate and form deposits within the hardened magma

6. Ores + Contact Metamorphism  Remember contact metamorphism?  Formed when hot magma comes in contact with existing rock; Rate of formation depends upon T, P, composition, and permeability  Vein – narrow, finger-like bands formed by hot mineral solutions spreading through cracks in a large mass of rock  Lode – large # of thick mineral veins

7. Ores + Moving Water  This can occur in two ways: 1) Fragments of native metals (Au) are released naturally; streams carry the fragments until they are deposited where the currents are weak 2) Water dissolves minerals as it flows through cracks in rocks on the Earth’s surface, forming ores Placer Deposit – fragments of minerals in the bottom of stream beds

8. Uses of Mineral Resources  Some are prized for beauty + rarity (gemstone), while others have more common uses (gypsum)  Most are being consumed at an alarming rate, making it more important to conserve + recycle

9. In Summary…  Section One Review Questions (page 197)  Draw each example of a Placer Deposit from Page 196

11. Section 11.2 – Fossil Fuels  Fossil Fuel – coal, petroleum, natural gas; consist of hydrocarbons  originally obtained from plants + animals years ago; when burned, release heat + light (sedimentary rock)

12. Coal  Dark-colored, organic rock  Produced by complex chemical + physical changes  Formed by a process called carbonization – decomposed trees + plants get buried in swamps  bacteria consume plant material  release CO 2 + methane gas  gas escapes + carbon remains

13. Types of Coal  Peat – partial decomposition of plant remains  Lignite – brown coal; peat minus water + gases  Bituminous Coal – soft coal; most abundant; result of increased pressure  Anthracite – hard coal; result of extreme T + P

14. Mined coal is delivered to coal-fired power plants, where electricity is generated. At the power plant, the coal is combusted to boil water and produce steam to operate a conventional steam turbine and generator, which produces electricity. The electricity is sent to users through a transmission system that consists of electric transmission lines, towers, substations and other components (see the Energy Transmission section to learn more). For a complete listing of the impacts tied to energy production from coal, the impacts from mining and the construction and operation of power plants and transmission systems should be considered.turbine generator transmission lines substations Energy Transmissiontransmission systems In the United States, coal accounts for approximately 50% of the electricity produced.

15. Petroleum/Natural Gas  Petroleum is made of liquid HC’s, while Natural Gas is made of gaseous HC’s  Each is formed from dead microorganisms; their remains were converted by increased T + P and other chemical changes  Over time, sediments become buried and P gradually increases  water + HC’s (petroleum) are forced out  petroleum + water continue to move upward until they meet a layer of cap rock

16. Petroleum/Natural Gas  Because of differences in density, petroleum floats on top of water, and natural gas on top of water + petroleum  Geologists explore the Earth’s crust to discover these structures; the pressure that causes water + HC’s to move through rock forces the petroleum out the well

17. Uses of Fossil Fuels  Right now, fossil fuels are our main source for energy  They are used in detergents, shampoos, insecticides, etc  Coal is the most abundant  Crude oil – unrefined petroleum

18. Figure 1 Shows the huge increase in world energy consumption that has taken place in roughly the last 200 years. This rise in energy consumption is primarily from increased fossil fuel use.

19. Fast Facts About Fossil Fuels: First, the USA The United States uses about 17 million barrels of oil every day.  Petroleum accounts for nearly 40% of our country's energy.  Coal is used to produce almost 60% of our nations electrical power, and accounts for 22% of our overall energy consumption.  Natural gas, a third form of fossil fuel, accounts for roughly 23% of The United States energy usage.  It takes the equivalent of 7 gallons of gasoline per day for every man,woman, and child to keep this country running at its current pace.  The U.S. is home to 5% of the world's population, yet consumes 26% of the world's energy. 90% of the energy we use in this country comes from fossil fuels.

20. Uses of Fossil Fuels Uses of Fossil Fuels  There are several drawbacks to the use of fossil fuels – pollution, acid rain, and its lack of renewability  Pollution – sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide release  Acid Rain – harmful to plants, soil, and aquatic life Your book mentions that our coal reserves will only last us about 200 more years!

21. In Summary…  Section Two Review Questions  Draw 2 illustrations of oil traps on page 200 (Fig 11-5) *For extra credit, research + report on details of fossil fuel consumption/conservation (1-2 paragraphs)

22. Section 11.3 – Nuclear Energy Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy  This is the process of using nuclear reactions to create energy for commercial use  Remember that this is considered to be a chemical change!

23. Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission  Splitting of the nucleus of a large atom into 2 or more smaller nuclei  Involves a release of a huge amount of energy  Primary example is the isotope of uranium (U-235)  This chain reaction can be controlled (to a point) using a nuclear reactor (page 202)

24. Nuclear Fission  This process gives off dangerous radiation: 1) Can destroy animal + plant cells 2) Harmful to marine life + ocean

25. Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion  The nuclei of smaller atoms combine + form larger nuclei  Much more research is needed before its energy can be harnessed + mass produced  It produces less harmful waste vs. nuclear fission

26. Nuclear Energy Nuclear EnergyPros  Little Pollution  Reliability  Safety  Economical Cons  Meltdowns  Radiation  Waste Disposal

27. In Summary…  Section 3 Review Questions

28. Section 11.4 – Alternative Energy Sources  It is imperative that we research and harness other forms of energy to reduce our dependency upon fossil fuels

29. Solar Power  Every 15 minutes the Earth receives enough radiant energy to meet our needs for one year!  The problem is converting + harnessing it  The idea is based around the idea of an active (solar collector) or passive system (panels)

30. Geothermal Energy  Energy from the heat of the Earth’s interior  Can be accomplished through rock that is heated by a nearby body of magma or by hot gases released by magma  The resulting steam + hot water can be used as a direct source of heat; it can also power turbines which generate electricity

31. Energy from Water/Wind  Energy from Running Water (Hydroelectric) - Massive dams hold back running water + channel it through; the force of the water powers turbines - Massive dams hold back running water + channel it through; the force of the water powers turbines  Energy from Tides - Dams are built to trap the water at high tides + release it at low tides; this force once again can power turbines, generating electricity - Dams are built to trap the water at high tides + release it at low tides; this force once again can power turbines, generating electricity

32. Energy from Water/Wind  Energy from Wind - Wind farms can produce enough energy to meet the needs of entire communities - Wind farms can produce enough energy to meet the needs of entire communities - But, the wind does not always blow, which means it will probably never be a primary source - But, the wind does not always blow, which means it will probably never be a primary source

33. In Summary…  Science + Technology (pages 206-207)  Section 4 Review  Chapter 11 Review + Critical Thinking