1. APES: Friday, August 29 th Turn in Water Pollutant “Lab Report” to In Box ▫Make sure to staple original lab packet to your graphs & typed report Today’s Schedule: ▫Get Unit 2 Vocab ▫Start Unit 2 Notes ▫Finish APES Math Practice #1

2. Environmental Problems, Their Causes & Sustainability (Chapter 1)

3. Environmental Problems, Their Causes and Sustainability Key Concepts  Environmental Problems  Causes of Environmental Problems  Models of Impact  Sustainability

4. Environmental science - a study of connections in nature 3 goals: Learn how nature works Understand how we interact w/ the environment Find ways to deal with env. problems and to live more sustainably Environment: everything that affects a living organism ▫Includes the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving)

5. Environmental science: interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with their environment Integrates information from: ▫Life Sciences: Biology  *Ecology: the study of the relationships between living organisms & their environment ▫Chemistry ▫Earth Sciences: Geology, Climatology ▫Social Sciences: Geography, Economics, Politics ▫Philosophy & Ethics

6.  All life depends on THREE PRINCIPLES: 1.Reliance on Solar Energy: photosynthesis 2.Biodiversity (biological diversity): variety of organisms & natural systems and services 3.Chemical cycling: cycling of nutrients

7.  Natural Capital:  Solar capital:  direct energy from sun & indirect forms of solar energy – wind, hydropower, biomass  Earth capital:  Resources: material & energy; air, water, soil, minerals, biodiversity  Services: processes such as nutrient recycling, climate control, water purification, etc.

8. RESOURCES Air WaterEnergy SoilMinerals EARTHCAPITAL Climate Control Waste Treatment Pest & Disease Control Population Control Pollution Control Biodiversity Nutrient Recycling SERVICES

10. APES: Tuesday, September 2 nd Reminders: ▫Unit 2 Vocab is due with quiz on Friday, September 5 th  Keep working on APES in the News Project! Today’s Schedule: ▫Continue Unit 2 Notes ▫Get back 1 st nine weeks writing assignment ▫Finish APES Math Practice #1

11. Resources PerpetualNonrenewable Renewable Fresh air Fresh water Fertile soil Plants and animals (biodiversity) Direct solar energy Winds, tides, flowing water Fossil fuels Metallic minerals Non - metallic minerals (iron, copper, aluminum) ( clay, sand, phosphates) Resource = ▫Anything we obtain from the env. to meet our needs & wants Perpetual resource = ▫Renewed continuously Renewable resource = ▫Replenished “rapidly” (days to hundreds of years) ▫Ex: forests, animals, air, soil

12. Renewable resources: ▫Sustainable yield = highest rate at which renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply ▫Env. degradation = exceeding a renewable resource’s natural replacement rate  Examples:  Urbanization of productive land  Topsoil erosion  Deforestation  Groundwater depletion

13. Renewable resources can be depleted or degraded!

14. Nonrenewable resources = Exist in fixed quantity in earth’s crust ▫Fossil fuels: coal, oil, natural gas ▫Metals ▫Nonmetallic minerals Fossil fuels cannot be recycled Metals can be recycled ▫Reuse is even better! Resources PerpetualNonrenewable Renewable Fresh air Fresh water Fertile soil Plants and animals (biodiversity) Direct solar energy Winds, tides, flowing water Fossil fuels Metallic minerals Non - metallic minerals (iron, copper, aluminum) ( clay, sand, phosphates)

15. Countries Differ in Resource Use ▫Economic growth: increase in a nation’s output of goods & services; measured by:  Gross domestic product (GDP): market value of all the products, goods, services of all businesses that operate within the country.  Per capita (per person) GDP : GDP divided by total population.  Will reflect the standard of living

16.  Economic development: effort to use economic growth to improve living standards  2 Categories based on Eco. Development:  Developing Countries ▫Mostly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America ▫Some are moderately developed (middle- income): China, India, Brazil  Developed Countries ▫US, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe ("nice Europe") ▫Consists of ~1.2 billion people

17.  Developing Countries ▫~80% of world’s population ▫Low industrialization & per capita GDPs ▫~15% of the world’s wealth & income ▫Only uses ~12% of the world’s resources  Developed Countries ▫~20% of world’s pop ▫High industrialization & per capita GDPs ▫Use 88% of the world’s resources ▫Produce 75% of world’s pollution & waste

18. 1 st Nine Weeks Writing Assignment

19. APES: Wednesday, September 3 rd Reminders: ▫Unit 2 Vocab is due with quiz on Friday, September 5 th ▫Keep working on APES in the News Project! Today’s Schedule: ▫2 nd period: bus drill – Bus #904  Back row; 3 rd from right ▫Math Practice #2

20. APES: Thursday, September 4 th Reminders: ▫Unit 2 Vocab is due with quiz TOMORROW! ▫Keep working on APES in the News Project! Today’s Schedule: ▫Continue Unit 2 Notes ▫Story of Stuff video

21.  Environmental Problems include:  Destruction/ loss of biodiversity  Human overpopulation & disease  Wasting of valuable and nonrenewable resources  Production of waste  Greenhouse Effect (global warming) and resulting climatic changes  Environmental impacts from human poverty and hunger  Poor farming techniques (soil erosion, overuse of pesticides, livestock wastes, etc.)  Genetic engineering of organisms

22. Most important environmental problems: ▫Pollution* ▫Resource Use & Degradation ▫Biodiversity Loss ▫Climate Change ▫Waste Production

23. Pollution = presence of chemical or agent* at high enough levels within the environment to threaten the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms Agents: noise, light, heat

24. Categories of pollution: ▫By Source:  Point Sources = single identifiable source  Ex: drainpipe dumping into river, smokestack of factory, tailpipe of car.  Non-Point Sources = source is dispersed & difficult/impossible to identify.  Ex: Nitrate runoff from fields, pesticides sprayed in air.  Point source is easier to “fix” than non- point source

25. Categories of pollution: ▫By type:  Biodegradable = harmful materials that natural processes can break down over time.  Ex: human sewage, newspaper  Nondegradable = harmful chemicals that natural processes cannot break down.  Ex: toxic chemicals/elements

26.  Pollution  3 Effects: 1.Disrupt/degrade water, air, soil, etc. 2.Damage wildlife, human health, & property 3.Create nuisances ▫Noise, smells, tastes & sights

27. Pollution – what can we do? ▫Pollution clean-up (output control) - clean up pollution once it occurred ▫But – only temporary & small fix ▫Pollution prevention (input control) - reduces or eliminates production of pollutants http://storyofstuff.org/movies/

28. APES: Friday, September 5 th Reminders: ▫Keep working on APES in the News Project! Today’s Schedule: ▫Turn in Unit 2 Vocab ▫Take Unit 2 Vocab Quiz ▫Go Fish! “Lab”

29. APES: Monday, September 9 th Opener: Discuss & Turn in Go Fish Lab Reminders: ▫Unit 2 Test is Tuesday, September 16 th ▫Keep working on APES in the News Project! Today’s Schedule: ▫Continue Unit 2 Notes:  Tragedy of the Commons  Causes of Env. Problems  Modeling Env. Impact https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RE9PMwwaFc

30. Tragedy of the Commons ▫1968 Essay by Garrett Hardin ▫Each user of a shared common resource (air, water, soil) thinks: ▫“If I do not use this resource, someone else will. The little bit that I use or pollute is not enough to matter, and it’s renewable anyway” ▫If too many think this way  shared resource is degraded &/or exhausted https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLirNeu-A8I

31. Main Causes of Environmental Problems: 1.Population growth 2.Wasteful & Unsustainable Resource Use 3.Poverty 4.Not including environmental costs of economic goods and services in their market prices

32.  Human Pop Growth  Show Exponential Growth – over 7 billion people on the planet ▫“increasing at an increasing rate” ▫Animal example - a cat has 7 kittens, each of them has 7 kittens, in 2 years becomes 49 kittens, in three years becomes 350, in 7 years becomes a half million cats ▫In 2010, an average of 227,000 people were born each day  like adding a new U.S. city every 2 weeks, a new France every 9 months, and a new United States every 4 years

34. Pop growth is faster in developing countries

35. Pop Growth & Economic Development associated with high consumption & unnecessary waste Affluenza = addiction to overconsumption & materialism exhibited in lifestyles in developed countries More money  more stuff  greater use of resources & more waste More money = more scientific & technological achievements to improve living conditions & environmental conditions

36. Poverty & Environmental Impact

37.  Poverty & Environmental Impact ▫Poverty = unable to fulfill basic needs for food, water, shelter, health, & education ▫1 out of every 2 people today survives on less than $3 dollars a day. ▫Poverty affects environment b/c impoverished may degrade soil, forests, fisheries, etc. just to survive. ▫It’s hard to be concerned with the environment when your survival is on the line. ▫It’s all about choices: the life of my child or cutting down more trees for crop land for food?

38. Poverty & Environmental Impact

39. Modeling our effects on the environment: ▫Ecological Footprint Model ▫Environmental Impact Model

40. Ecological footprint = amount of land & water needed to provide people with an indefinite supply of renewable resources and to absorb & recycle the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use ▫Can also include nonrenewable resources If a country’s ecological footprint is larger than its biological capacity to replenish its renewable resources and to absorb the resulting wastes & pollution, it has an ecological deficit

42. Ecological Footprint Stats: ▫The U.S. has the world’s second largest per capita ecological footprint ▫According to some, it would take the land area of ~5 more planet Earths for the rest of the world to reach current U.S. levels of renewable resource consumption

43. Environmental Impact Model: IPAT ▫Impact (I) = Population (P) X Affluence (A) X Technology (T)

44. Environmental Impact Model: IPAT ▫Impact (I) = Population (P) X Affluence (A) X Technology (T) ▫I = how much humanity is degrading the natural capital ▫Pop Growth: high in developing, low in developed ▫Affluence: high in developed, low in developing ▫Technology can be good or bad ▫Bad: polluting factories, motor vehicles ▫Good: pollution control, clean energy

45. APES: Tuesday, September 9 th Reminders: ▫Unit 2 Test is Tuesday, September 16 th ▫Keep working on APES in the News Project! Today’s Schedule: ▫Continue Unit 2 Notes:  Environmental World Views  Sustainability  History Guided Notes ▫Elephant Reading

46.  People View the Environment Differently:  Environmental Worldview = how you think the world works, what you think your role in the world should be  Environmental ethics: what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment

47.  Planetary Management Worldview  We are planet’s most important species; are in charge of nature  Nature exists to meet our needs  Will not run out of resources because of our ingenuity & technology  The potential for global economic growth is unlimited  Our success depends on how well we manage the earth’s life-support systems for our own benefit

48.  Stewardship Worldview  We are planet’s most important species, but have an ethical responsibility to care for nature  We will probably not run out of resources, but they should not be wasted  We should encourage environmentally beneficial forms of economic growth and discourage environmentally harmful growth  Our success depends on how well we manage the earth’s life-support systems for our benefit and for the rest of nature

49.  Environmental Wisdom Worldview  Nature exists for all species - not just us and we are not in charge of the earth  Earth’s resources are limited and should not be wasted and are not all for us  We should encourage earth-sustaining forms of economic growth and discourage earth- degrading forms  Our success depends on learning how the earth sustains itself and integrating such lessons from nature in our own lives

50. Ultimate goal  Sustainable Society Meeting the basic needs of people indefinitely without degrading or depleting the natural capital that supplies the resources.

51.  Main Sustainability Strategies 1.Rely more on renewable energy forms 2.Protect Biodiversity 3.Sustain natural chemical cycles by reducing waste & pollution Other Examples:  Take no more than we need  Try not to harm life, air, water, soil  Help maintain Earth's capacity for self repair  Don't use potentially renewable resources faster than they are replenished  Don't waste resources  Don't release pollutants faster than Earth's natural processes can dilute or degrade them  Slow the rate of population growth  Reduce poverty