1. The Making of Medieval Europe Chapter 8

2. Classes in Europe ClergyNobilityPeasants PrayFightWork ChurchFeudal system Manor

3. Growth of the Medieval Church INTRO thoughts: Dreary future for Europe with barbarian takeover of Rome Roman Catholic church provided stability Origins of the term catholic –“universal”~ changes over time

4. Five Patriarchates Five cities became patriarchates through the course of time. The reason each city was a patriarchate is listed below: Jerusalem: the beginning of the church Antioch: early center of the church and the origin of the missionary journeys of Paul Rome: the head of the Roman Empire Alexandria: another prominent city in the empire as well as a center of intellectual learning Constantinople: the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire

5. The Head of the Church Political organizations in early centuries Church of Rome at top of ranks –Largest and wealthiest city in the Roman empire –Leader in economy and politics – spirituality followed –Leo I of Rome was able to save city from attack by the Huns in 452 Known as pope (papa – “Father-Protector”)

6. The Head of the Church Petrine theory of the Roman bishops –The apostle Peter was in place of Christ on earth and became 1 st bishop of Rome (Matt. 16 “Thou are Peter and upon this rock I will build my church”) Authority is supposedly passed down

7. The Church’s Teaching Religion dominated society during MA, but time characterized by spiritual darkness Roman sacramental system Sacrament – a religious act that grants grace –Baptism –Confirmation –Penance –Holy Eucharist -Transubstantiation- Mass –Matrimony –Holy Orders –Extreme Unction -Anointing the Sick Salvation became a product of works, not grace

8. Warrior of the Church Clergy – the servants of the church –Many wanted wealth and power –Some were true to the call of following Christ –Branches Secular: religious services and administrating the sacraments – often mixed with the world Regular: stay away from worldly pleasures – monastery – study and prayer –Missionaries of the Middle Ages –Leader was the pope Gregory I – expanded power of pope’s office –Promoted idea of purgatory

9. A New Western Empire Franks, a Germanic tribe united western Europe in the area of Gaul (modern-day France) CLOVIS AND THE FRANKS –481 – Conquered other tribes and united all –Before one of his victories in battle, he asked God for help and mercy – promised to trust in God –Had his soldiers baptized in to the Roman church –The beginning of a union between king and church

10. The Mayors and the Palace After Clovis’s death, kingdom divided –Called the Merovingian House –His four sons fought for leadership and territory –Became known as the “do-nothing kings” –The real power belonged to the mayor of the palace, who headed administrative tasks of the kingdom Pepin II (mayor of the palace )– united territories once again His son, Charles Martel, defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours Pepin the Short, Martel’s son, gained official power from authority of pope – begins the Carolingian House

11. The Empire of Charlemagne Charlemagne’s character –“Charles the Great” – son of Pepin the Short –Great in stature (mother was “Big-foot Bertha”) –Strong presence and dignity –Problems remaining married to same woman Charlemagne’s conquests –Defeated tribes such as Saxons, Avars, and Spanish Muslims –Divided kingdom into counties with messengers (missi dominici) that would check up on areas to be sure everyone was following his policies Charlemagne’s crowning –Held a great amount of land in his empire –Crowned on Christmas day, 800; proclaimed as Roman emperor A ROMAN EMPEROR????? Where does his power place him in regards to the pope? POWER STRUGGLE!

12. A Revival of Learning Charlemagne emphasized learning –Established schools of learning with distinguished areas of study –Alcuin – scholar from England who taught Charlemagne and his family –Purpose of education was to be able to better discern the Scriptures –Focus not only on Bible but also ancient manuscripts –Monks would copy manuscripts

13. Carolingian Minuscule The earliest medieval documents were written on papyrus in large Roman letters; however, when the Muslims won control of the Mediterranean Sea, the supply of papyrus was cut off. This meant that the European scholars had to use parchment, which was more costly. To save money, these scholars began to write smaller and smaller. As a result, manuscripts became difficult to read. (Only in England and Ireland was a fine cursive hand developed.)

14. Carolingian Minuscule When Alcuin came to Frankland, he directed the monks to devise a compact, readable, and easy- to-write script. They developed the Carolingian minuscule. In time, Carolingian minuscule also influenced the English and Irish cursive writing. English and Irish monks produced many manuscripts, some beautifully “illuminated” (decorated). These illuminated pages are some of the finest works of art to come out of the Middle Ages.

15. Carolingian Minuscule The Carolingian minuscule brought the destruction of many late Roman manuscripts.

16. Carolingian Minuscule Anglo- Saxon handwritin g

17. Carolingian Minuscule

18. Disintegration of Charlemagne’s Empire Problems from within –Death 814 – Grandsons bickered over who would control the land – Treaty of Verdun split the empire into 3 kingdoms Charles the Bald – West Frankland Louis the German – East Frankland Lothair – land between West and East – Official emperor –Eventually, this land was passed down to incompetent rulers Problems from without –Magyars(of Asia) and Vikings (from the North) offered most threat to the empire

19. Feudal system and the Manor

20. Development of the feudal system Feudalism defined: local political leaders offered the people protection in exchange for services provided to them –Lords (land owning nobles) granted fiefs (land) to vassals (those who would work the land) –Subinfeudation – vassals passing on sections of land to other vassals and becoming a lord

21. Development of Feudalism Feudalism happened haphazardly in Europe. It was the offspring of 2 distict traditions. First, as the Roman Empire died and the Roman armies no longer protected the people, 2 freemen sometimes established a dependent relationship for mutual protection. Second, as taxes increased, Rome developed a peculiar tradition of land tenure. Many small farmers gave their lands to the wealthy, who paid the taxes and allowed them to remain on the land with the understanding that the farmers would perform certain obligatory services.

22. Development of Feudalism Later, as cavalry became more important, men were often granted land with the understanding that they would supply horses and soldiers for the lord in wartimes. As feudalism became more entrenched throughout Europe, England alone remained only semifeudalized. Not until the conquest by William in 1066 did the land become fully feudalized (he was from France). England became a feudal monarchy and is perhaps the simplest example of feudalism. Most chief vassals, both secular and clerical, were Norman and owed allegiance to William alone.

23. Subinfeudation Vassals often granted fiefs to knights on the condition that when there was war they would equip themselves for battle. In England these fiefs were called “knights’ fees.” Quite often this process of subinfeudation became complicated. For example, one man by the name of Siboto of Falkenstein was the vassal of 20 different lords!

24. Feudal Relationships and Obligations Lord and vassal relationship –Homage – vassal ceremony –Symbolic investiture (read the account on page 192) –Lord promised protection and vassal promised to fight for the lord, with the assistance of other knights –Vassal also provided aids (money payments) –Many obligations provided by the vassal

25. The Life of the Nobility The Castle –Center of nobility life –Defensive purposes –Don’t be fooled and form an opinion too quickly –Villagers came to castle for safety from invaders Knighthood –Begin at age 7 as a page (academic and physical preparation) –At midteens, became a squire –(servant of a knight) –At 21, squires could become a knight

26. The Code of chivalry –Brave in battle –Honest –Generous –Loyal –Influence by the church Tournaments and jousts –Practices for war –Jousts between two knights

27. The Manor

28. The Role of the Manor Central farming location for most of the villagers All worked together to produce daily needs Farmers, craftsmen Simply put, they were small villages

29. Description of a manor Center of manor near stream or road Small cottages snuggled together Lord’s house Church- worship, town meetings, court Land reserved for the lord – demesne Two-field system to keep land fertile Three-field system allowed for greater rotation

30. People in the Manor Clergy, nobility, peasants Everyone with a duty, all needing each other 2 types of peasants: freemen and serfs

31. Life on the Manor Home for life for the peasants Easter and Christmas celebrated Peasants worked hard Famine Wars Short lifespan for peasants