1. EVIDENCE

2. For this session, I have provided *limited* pointers to the empirical data for each of the key theories to get you started You need to aim to identify additional evidence for each This will assist with your poster preparation

3. James-Lange Theory Empirical Evidence Evidence for: Ax (1953); Schwartz (1981) White et al. (1981) - individuals ran on spot, then rate pictures of women. 2 min. runners rated pictures as significantly more attractive than those running 15 secs.

4. James-Lange Theory Empirical Evidence White, G.L., Fishbein, S. and Rutstein, J. (1981). Passionate love and the misattribution of arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 56–62. Evidence against: Cannon’s (1927) research suggested that the bodily changes were too slow Artificial bodily changes do not always result in emotion

5. Cannon-Bard Theory Empirical Evidence Evidence for: Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and an alternative theory. American Journal of Psychology, 39, 10-124. Bell’s palsy – trauma to 7 th cranial nerve Moebius syndrome - sixth and seventh cranial nerves; lack of facial expression Paralysed facial muscles. Emotional constancy

6. Cannon-Bard Theory Empirical Evidence Sherrington (1900) - remove viscera & spinal feedback, animals still express emotions The role of the locus coeruleus? Reis and Fuxe (1969) – role of norepinephrine in sham/decorticate rage Evidence against: ?

7. 2-Factor Theory Empirical Evidence Evidence for: Schachter, S. and Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-399. Epinephrine study (Schachter and Singer, 1962) Wobbly bridge study (Dutton and Aron (1974)

8. 2-Factor Theory Empirical Evidence Evidence against: Adrenaline injections -> physical arousal but NOT emotional arousal (Marañon, 1924) Epinephrine study (Schachter and Singer, 1962) has proved difficult to replicate

9. Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal Empirical Evidence Evidence for: Speisman et al. (1964) pairing of different films and soundtracks Rogers and Holmbeck (1997) examined the influence of cognitive appraisal in children whose parents were experiencing difficulties

10. Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal Empirical Evidence Verduyn et al (2011) examined the difference between ruminations and (re)appraisal Evidence against: Replication difficulties?

11. Communicative Theory Empirical Evidence Evidence for: Oatley, K. and Duncan, E. (1992). Incidents of Emotion in Daiiy Life. In K. Strongman (Ed.), International Review of Studies on emotion, Vol. 2, (pp. 249-293). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Oatley, K. and Duncan, E. (1994). The experience of emotions in everyday life. Cognition and Emotion, 8, (4), 369-381.

12. Communicative Theory Empirical Evidence Oatley, K. and Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1996). The communicative theory of emotions: Empirical tests, mental models, and implications for social interaction. In L. L. Martin and A. Teser (Eds.), Striving and Feeling: Interactions among goals, affect and self-regulation. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Evidence against:?

13. Interacting Cognitive Subsystems Empirical Evidence Evidence for: Watkins and Teasdale (2001) “conceptual-evaluative self-focus maintains overgeneral memory, whereas experiential self-focus reduces overgeneral memory” Watkins (2004, p 1040) - as predicted by ICS Evidence against:?