1. Myers’ Psychology for AP ®, 2e David G. Myers

2. Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

3. Unit 01 - Overview Psychology’s History? Psychology’s Big Issues and Approaches Careers in Psychology Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Module 01: Psychology’s History

6. Psychology’s Roots

7. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Ancient Greeks: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle – Socrates (469-399B.C.E.)and Plato (428-348 B.C.E.)concluded that the mind is separate from the body and that knowledge is innate. (principles of logic) – Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)believed in data. Gained principles from observations and believed that knowledge is not preexisting.

8. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes – Rene Descartes (1595-1650) agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas and the mind being separate from the body. – He dissected animals and through his studies believed that the spirit flowed from one’s brain throughout the body by the nerves to cause movement. Francis Bacon – Francis Bacon (1561-1626) became one of the founders of modern science. Was fascinated by the human mind and its failings.

9. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology John Locke – John Locke (1632-1704) and Francis Bacon’s ideas helped form modern empiricism. –Tabula Rasa (blank slate) The mind is a blank slate on which experience writes. Empiricism –the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

10. Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is Born Wilhelm Wundt (1879) –University of Leipzig –Reaction time experiment G. Stanley Hall – one of Wundt’s students established the 1 st formal US Psychology Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University

11. Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Structure Edward Titchener –StructuralismStructuralism early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchner; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. introspection

12. Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function William James –FunctionalismFunctionalism –a school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

13. Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function Mary Calkins – Wundt admitted Mary Whiton Calkins into his graduate seminar. She became a distinguished memory researcher and the first woman APA President in 1905. Margaret Floy Washburn – was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (Calkins was denied her Ph.D.) and became 2 nd female APA President. She was barred from Experimental Psychology organization. Experimental psychology –the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental – method.

14. Psychological Science Develops

15. Sigmund Freud – emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior.

16. Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism –John B. Watson Rosalie Raynor

17. Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism –B.F. Skinner –“study of observable behavior” –Conditioning the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

18. Psychological Science Develops Humanistic psychology –Carl Rogers –Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow founded the humanistic psychology. A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people. Cognitive Neuroscience – The interdisciplinary study of the brain actively linked with cognition(including perception, thinking, and language)

19. Psychological Science Develops Psychology – The science of behavior and mental processes. –Science –Behavior –Mental processes

20. Module 02: Psychology’s Big Issues and Approaches

22. Psychology’s Biggest Question

23. Nature – Nurture Issue the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

24. Psychology’s Biggest Question Nature – Nurture Issue –Biology versus experience –History Greeks Rene Descartes Charles Darwin –Natural selectionNatural selection –the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

25. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

26. Levels of Analysis the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon. –Biological –Psychological –Social-cultural

27. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Biopsychosocial Approach –an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

28. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

32. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives Behavioral perspective Biological perspective Cognitive perspective Evolutionary perspective Humanistic perspective Psychodynamic perspective Social-cultural perspective

33. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives Behavioral perspective the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning. Biological perspective the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. Some biological psychologists call themselves –behavioral neuroscientists, –neuropsychologists, –behavior geneticists, –physiological psychologists, or –biopsychologists.

34. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives Cognitive perspective –the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Evolutionary perspective –the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection.

35. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives Humanistic perspective –Emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people. Psychodynamic perspectivePsychodynamic perspective –a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

36. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives Social-cultural perspective –the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

45. Psychology’s Subfields

46. Psychometrics Basic Research –Biological psychologistsBiological psychologists –Developmental psychologistsDevelopmental psychologists –Cognitive psychologistsCognitive psychologists –Educational psychologistsEducational psychologists –Personality psychologistsPersonality psychologists –Social psychologistsSocial psychologists

47. Psychology’s Subfields Psychometrics the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. Basic Research –pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

48. Psychology’s Subfields Biological psychologists –the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. Some biological psychologists call themselves –behavioral neuroscientists, –neuropsychologists, –behavior geneticists, –physiological psychologists, or –biopsychologists. Developmental psychologists Developmental psychologists –a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

49. Psychology’s Subfields Cognitive psychologists –the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Educational psychologists –the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

50. Psychology’s Subfields Personality psychologists –the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Social psychologists –the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

51. Psychology’s Subfields Applied Research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. –Industrial/organizational psychologistsIndustrial/organizational psychologists –Human factors psychologistsHuman factors psychologists –Counseling psychologistsCounseling psychologists –Clinical psychologistsClinical psychologists –PsychiatristsPsychiatrists –Positive psychologyPositive psychology –Community psychologistsCommunity psychologists

52. Psychology’s Subfields Industrial/organizatio nal psychologists Industrial/organizatio nal psychologists –an I/O subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. Human factors psychologists Human factors psychologists –an I/O subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

53. Psychology’s Subfields Counseling psychologists Counseling psychologists –a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well- being. Clinical psychologists Clinical psychologists –a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treat people with psychological disorders.

54. Psychology’s Subfields Psychiatrists –a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. Positive psychology –the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. Community psychologists a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

55. Module 03: Careers in Psychology

57. Basic Research Subfields

58. Cognitive psychologists Developmental psychologists Educational psychologists Experimental psychologists Psychometric and Quantitative PsychologistsPsychometric Social psychologists

59. Applied Research Subfields

60. Forensic psychologists Health psychologists Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologistsIndustrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists Neuropsychologists Rehabilitation psychologists School psychologists Sport psychologists

61. The Helping Professions

62. Clinical psychologists Community psychologists Counseling psychologists

63. The End

64. Testing Effect = enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

65. SQ3R = a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.