1. A few definitions… Defend: back up your claim with support “I am correct because of this, this, & this.” Refute: anticipate the counterclaims, and explain why they are incorrect “That’s wrong because______.” Qualify: transitional phrase to link the refute back to the claim “So presumably” “however” “While that may be true” “I am still correct”

2. MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE I. Attention Step II. Need Step III. Satisfaction Step IV. Visualization Step V. Action Step

3. I. Attention Step A. Wake up – attention getter – NO RHETORICAL QUESTIONS B. This is important – why is this important to your audience? C. Get this – THESIS STATEMENT (claim) (WHO) should (DO WHAT) about (THIS PROBLEM) D. Ethos Your credibility to speak on the topic One of the 3 persuasive canons (Ethos, Pathos, Logos) E. Internal Preview DO NOT STATE YOUR SOLUTION HERE You are creating a road-map of the paper to come. “Topics to be explored will include:,, and.”

4. II. Need Step A. What are the problems in the status quo (current system)? AND/OR B. What are some of the ways people are harmed by the status quo’s action or lack of action? AND/OR C. What specific things are broken that are causing the harms? The bulk of your sources will appear in this step

5. III. Satisfaction Step A. This is your solution to the problem in the need step * This can be research based OR can be your own creative solution B. Refutation to possible arguments – Y ou must put on your thinking hats and pretend that you are on the other side of the argument. What arguments would you make against yourself? Now come up with responses to these arguments to rebuild your stance “People who disagree with this solution would say. The response to that is.”

6. IV. Visualization Step A. What the world will look like if things continue on their current path (pre-plan) B. What the world would look like if your changes go into effect (post plan) C. You need to create a mental picture for the audience. This is all in your own words and should be in the style of a narrative. Slight exaggerations are permissible as long as they follow your topic. The “Imagine-A-World” Step Narrative style with very descriptive language

7. V. Action Step A. Internal Summary * Remind the audience what you just told them * “Items addressed included this problem, this solution, and what the world could be like.” B. So What C. Clean up D. Call to action You must give SPECIFIC actions that can be taken by members of THIS CLASS when they walk out of the room. It is YOUR responsibility to provide all information to the audience so they are more likely to do it… don’t make the audience search for information, provide it for them.

8. Requirements Topic must be approved by Dohrn 2-3 pages, Times New Roman, double spaced, 12 point font. USE PARAGRAPHS, PROOF READ, SPELL CHECK. Outline in proper MMS format, including Roman Numerals and proper sub points. You will be graded on process and the final product Use MLA format. Here is a website guiding you through: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/

9. Here is the exact way your first page should look:

10. Requirements This is a formal academic paper. Do not use I, You, We, They, etc. No “I think,” “I feel,” “I believe.” You will be expected to use our persuasive format when presenting your arguments (CDWI – claim, data, warrant, impact). I expect you to take a stance on the topic-this is about you taking a stance and proving it with research. This is NOT an informative essay. You must follow the MMS form of argument. In-text citations for every piece of research (direct quote or summary) in proper format. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/ Works Cited page in proper MLA format If it is not common knowledge and you and your neighbor don’t know the information right now before you research, YOU MUST CITE A SOURCE EVERY TIME YOU USE RESEARCH OR YOU ARE PLAGIARIZING AND WILL EARN A ZERO.

11. Research Start with a basic search for information Read several sources on a topic to evaluate which facts are true and which aren’t Wikipedia- ok place to start for basic information, NOT ok to cite for credible information Look for: Author- qualifications and connections to subject Peer reviewed articles- always a yes Up-to-date information (last date of edit on website) A list of their own sources to write the article News, government (.gov), educational (.edu) sites

12. Works Cited As you research, gather the following information: Author of article (or editor of article) Title of article Date published Title of website Ex: CNN or BBC Web address of article Date you accessed article Print the articles you would like to use

13. Works Cited Example: Last, First. “Article Title.” Title of Website. Vol. #. Day, Month. Year. Medium. Day, Month. Year.. publishedaccessed Barras, Colin. “The Footprints of the Dead.” BBC. 15, April. 2016. Web. 21, April. 2016..

14. Works Cited Search Owl Purdue MLA for specifics OR Enter URL into EasyBib or another citation generator