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The Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K
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The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Retinoids and carotenoids –Vitamin A activity
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Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
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Retinol-binding protein (RBP)
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Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Roles in the body –Vitamin A in vision
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Roles in the body –Vitamin A in protein synthesis and cell differentiation
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Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Roles in the body –Vitamin A in reproduction and growth –Beta-carotene as an antioxidant
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Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Recommendations –Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)
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Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene Vitamin A in foods –The colors of vitamin A foods –Vitamin A-poor fast foods –Vitamin A-rich liver
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In Summary Other names –Retinol –Retinal –Retinoic acid –Precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene 2001 RDA –Men: 900 g RAE/day –Women: 700 g RAE/day
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In Summary Upper level for adults: 3000 g/day Chief functions in the body –Vision –Maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin –Bone and tooth growth –Reproduction –Immunity
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In Summary Significant sources –Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver –Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)
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In Summary Deficiency disease: hypovitaminosis A Deficiency symptoms –Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia)
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In Summary Deficiency symptoms (continued) –Impaired immunity (infections) –Plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)
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Deficiency Symptom: Keratinization
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In Summary Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis A Chronic toxicity symptoms –Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density –Liver abnormalities –Birth defects
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In Summary Acute toxicity symptoms –Blurred vision –Nausea, vomiting, vertigo –Increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor –Headaches
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Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Vitamin D Other names –Calciferol –1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol) –Animal version: vitamin D 3 or cholecalciferol –Plant version: vitamin D 2 or ergocalciferol –Precursor is the body’s own cholesterol
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Vitamin D 1997 adequate intake (AI) –19-50 years: 5 g/day –51-70 years: 10 g/day –more than 70 years: 15 g/day Upper level for adults: 50 g/day
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Vitamin D Chief functions in the body –Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)
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Vitamin D Significant sources –Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight –Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals, and chocolate mixes –Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils
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Vitamin D Deficiency diseases –Rickets –Osteomalacia
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Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children –Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs) –Enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists) –Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs)
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Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued) –Delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head
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Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued) –Lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen –Muscle spasms Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults –Loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones
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Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults (cont.) –Progressive weakness –Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis D
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Vitamin D Toxicity symptoms –Elevated blood calcium –Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints) –Frequent urination
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Vitamin E Other name: alpha-tocopherol 2000 RDA –Adults: 15 mg/day Upper level for adults: 1000 mg/day Chief function in the body –Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)
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Vitamin E
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Significant sources –Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings) –Leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seeds
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Vitamin E Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen Deficiency symptoms –Red blood cell breakage –Nerve damage Toxicity symptoms –Augments the effects of anticlotting medication
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Vitamin K Other names –Phylloquinone –Menaquinone –Menadione –Naphthoquinone 2001 AI –Men: 120 g/day –Women: 90 g/day
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Vitamin K Chief functions in the body –Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calcium
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Vitamin K Significant sources –Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract –Liver –Leafy green vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables –Milk
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Vitamin K Deficiency symptoms –Hemorrhaging Toxicity symptoms –None known
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The Fat-Soluble Vitamins - In Summary Interactions with each other Interactions with minerals
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Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention Free radicals and disease –Oxidative stress Defending against free radicals –Oxidants and antioxidants
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Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention
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Defending against cancer Defending against cardiovascular disease
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Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention Foods, supplements, or both? –Prooxidants
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