2. The Snowball Earth! Cenozoic Era Quaternary Period Ice Ages Focus Jo’s Journeys wants you to take a trip back in time to…

3. Travel back in time with us to a period that began 2.588 million years ago and continues to the present day… A time when glacial periods had a great effect on our Earth (mostly in the northern hemisphere)… And a time when there were warm, even tropical inter-glacial periods.

4. Ice Ages affect climates all over!

5. Ice, Snow (Precipitation) Water Freezing & Thawing

6. Glaciations!

7. So what causes Ice Ages?

8. Possible reasons for Ice Ages: Fainter early sun Biological changes Variations in Earth’s orbit There is evidence of more than 4 major glacial events and up to 40 smaller glaciations during the Quaternary Period – each lasting about 100,000 years.

10. Glacial intrusion on North America stretches down to around 40 degrees latitude.

11. The good news is… there should be no fear of moving too far due to Continental Drift. The continents have moved less than 100 km during this period.

12. Wanna go to the Great Lakes region when you travel back?

13. Here’s what they are like during this time period.

14. So what do we know? During this period there is flooding, freezing & thawing ice, rising and falling seas, land bridges that form and disappear, lakes and bays form. Lots of activity happens during this period. Wouldn’t you like to say you witnessed it first hand?

15. Global warming back then?

16. Coniferous & deciduous trees Bushes and shrubs Flowering Plants (angiosperms) Ferns Grasses Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Take in the sights and smells of our “Continental Gardens” where you will find (based on your vacation location):

17. Flowering Plants help insects flourish because of their nectar.

18. See the megafauna up close and personal! Megafauna are massive mammals that roam during this period – becoming extinct as the last Ice Age ends. Mammals during this period are larger and grew thicker coats to help them survive. Though very large, most of these large mammals are plant-eaters that feed on shrubs & grasses on the edges of the ice sheets. These massive animals will become extinct as the climate warms. (It is also believed that humans may have over-hunted them.)

19. Giant ground sloths as large as elephants!

20. Mastodons & woolly mammoths are some of the massive mammals around during this time.

21. Let’s not forget the presence of the giant woolly rhinos!

22. Are humans to blame for the extinction of the woolly mammoths?

23. Other animals you may encounter on land are: Bison Oxen Cave bears Saber-toothed cats Some birds are over 7 feet tall! Beavers that are over 7 feet long! Elephants Modern rhinoceroses Hippos Modern birds Insects

24. Should you SCUBA dive to take in the underwater sights, you may see the following in Earth’s seas… Whales Giant sharks Otters Seals Giant fish Modern fish Squid Crustaceans Mollusks Urchins Plankton Coral

25. Let’s not forget, the Quaternary Period is also called, “Age of Humans.” Homo erectus appeared in Africa during the Cenozoic Era at the start of this period. They eventually develop bigger brains and more intelligence. (This means they can think and solve problems!) Modern humans spread out to Europe, Asia and then on to Australia and the Americas. The future of our planet will be greatly affected by the Age of Humans!

26. Extreme Temperatures Rising & Falling Water Levels Massive Mammals There is a limited supply of plant material in areas affected by glaciations. This trip is not recommended for vegetarians.

27. Other Significant Dangers Icefalls Rock falls

28. Accommodations Travel accommodations will be made by “Ice Walkers.” We’ll show you the way to get there today!

29. You will be staying in our exclusive “Ice House Hotel” designed with your needs in mind.

30. An elegant reception desk…

31. All natural furnishings made from the purest frozen water on Earth…

32. And shelter from the wind, weather, and predators.

33. Should you choose to stay longer and notice the ice beginning to thaw all around you, you may need to stay in one of our hand-made huts. Yes, I said “hand-made.” Our huts are made of sturdy mammoth tusks, warm woolly fur, and are guaranteed to protect you from the outside cold.

35. Friendly locals will welcome you to their frozen villages.

36. Sightseeing Adventures Await You!

37. Things you’ll need to make your stay more pleasant: Extra warm winter coat and warm clothing Ear muffs/hat Solid walking shoes and boots Umbrella/rain gear Blankets/sleeping bags (if making your own camp) Hunting/fishing gear/clubs (for defense) Mountain-climbing gear Ice pick Rope Fire-starter logs Axe Bug spray Baskets for hunting/gathering food Lighter clothing for more tropical conditions after ice age ends

38. The Quaternary Period Our trip has even been the focus of an article in TIME magazine.

39. Call our office today at 1-800-ICE-AGES to make your travel arrangements.