1. Problem Solution Cause Effect Descriptive Sequence Chronology Compare/Contrast

2. Two ideas interact with each other. One is the cause and the other is the effect. Examples Environmental disasters Natural disasters People rely on oil for many every day needs. Oil tankers are used to transport oil, and oil spills into the ocean. Animals and plants become coated with oil. Cause and Effect

3. Cause/Effect Graphic Organizer for Writing Signal Words: Reasons why If…then As a result Therefore Because

4. Problem Solution The writer states a problem or poses a question that is followed by a solution. The Nashua River begins as a pristine river surrounded by forests. Europeans arrive, the wilderness turns into farms and later into cities. Paper mills, runoff, and wastewater pollute the river. A campaign is started to clean up the river, and although the river is never as clean as it once was, it is now much cleaner.

5. Signal words: Problem is.. Dilemma is… Puzzle is… Solved Question Answer Because Since This led to Problem and Solution Organizer for Writing

6. Descriptive The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples Signal Words: For example For instance Specifically Characteristics are Such as Looks like In addition

7. Sequence Presents information that occurs in a series or in steps such as the growth of living organisms or a recipe

8. Flow Chart Sequence Text Structure Graphic Organizers for Pre-Writing Use Flow charts for steps in directions or life cycles, for example. Signal Words FirstNextThenFinally

9. Use a timeline for biographies or other time chronologies Timelines

10. Compare/Contrast Signal Words Same as similar alike as well as eitherboth different from yesterday today