1. WATER - The Hydrosphere
Objectives:
Define “hydrosphere”
Identify & describe the processes involved in the water cycle
Describe 2 types of ocean currents
Explain how the ocean regulates Earth’s temperature

2. The Hydrosphere All the water on or near Earth’s surface Oceans Lakes
Rivers
Wetlands
Icecaps and icesheets
Soil
Subsurface groundwater
Clouds and atmosphere

3. Water Cycle Review
What are the main processes involved in the water cycle?

4. What powers the Water Cycle?

5. Water Cycle Involves Transfer of Energy
Water absorbs heat energy
When enough energy is absorbed, water changes from liquid to gas (evaporation)
Energy is transferred from Earth’s surface to atmosphere
80% of water entering atmosphere originates from oceans between 60oN and 60oS latitude
Water moves to a cooler area and condenses
During condensation, water releases heat
Warms surrounding atmosphere

7. The World Ocean 71% of Earth’s surface Key functions:
1. Absorb/store energy from sun
2. Regulate temperatures in atmosphere
3 zones based on temperature change:
1. Surface
2. Thermocline
3. Deep zone

9. Ocean Currents Circulate water (and heat and nutrients and gases)
Water flows from:
Warmer toward colder areas
More dense toward less dense area
Deep Ocean Currents

10. 2 types of currents: 1. Surface – wind-driven currents
2. Deep – density-driven currents

11. Oceans Regulate Global Temperatures
Water absorbs/releases heat more slowly than land
Temperature of atmosphere changes more slowly
Currents that circulate warm water (ex. Gulf Stream) cause land areas they flow past to have more moderate climate
Gulf Stream Animation

13. WATER RESOURCES OBJECTIVES – Identify where Earth’s water is stored
Explain why water is considered a limited resource
Compare surface water resources and groundwater

15. TWO TYPES OF WATER SURFACE WATER – freshwater on Earth’s land surface
Lakes, river, streams, wetlands
GROUNDWATER – freshwater beneath Earth’s surface
In sediments and rock formations

16. SURFACE WATER – IT STARTS WITH A DROP
Buba River, Guinea-Bissau
SURFACE WATER – IT STARTS WITH A DROP
Precipitation falls to the ground, then flows into streams, streams flow into rivers, rivers flow into larger rivers
RIVER SYSTEM – flowing network of rivers moving across land

18. WATERSHEDS OF THE WORLD
WATERSHED – the area of land drained by a river
affected by – melting snow & rain, use, lack of rain and POLLUTION ANYWHERE IN THE WATERSHED
Weekly Average Flow of World Watersheds

20. GROUNDWATER
Forms when surface water percolates / infiltrates through soil into the rocks below
Essential for human survival – most freshwater is underground

21. WATER TABLE
Place below ground where ground is saturated with water

22. An underground formation that contains water Water table forms upper boundary of aquifer Important water sources for cities & agriculture

23. Aquifers

24. Porosity How much space (pores) or holes found in rock
Where water can flow through
Porous rock can hold lots of water

25. Permeable vs. Impermeable
The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it
Sand and gravel are permeable
Clay and blacktop are impermeable

26. Recharge Zone
Area of Earth’s surface through which water percolates down into aquifer Environmentally sensitive – any pollution in recharge zone can enter the aquifer

27. Aquifers can take tens of thousands of years to recharge/refill
What could interfere with recharge?

28. Well – a hole dug or drilled to reach water
More reliable as a source of water than surface water and cleaner. WHY???
Drilled to reach below water table…WHY?
What happens if water is removed faster than it can be recharged?

29. Water Use & Management
We all live downstream.

30. Section 2 : Water Use and Management
GOALS:
Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture.
Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home.
Describe ways to increase water supplies
Identify ways to conserve water
TERMS:
potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

31. Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain
Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning she can run down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to her village with 50 pounds of water on her back. She has made this journey three times a day for nearly all her 25 years. So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of southwestern Ethiopia. Binayo dropped out of school when she was eight years old, in part because she had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is dirty and unsafe to drink; every year that the ongoing drought continues, the once mighty river grows more exhausted. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.

32. 783 million people do not have access to clean water
almost 2.5 billion do not have access to adequate sanitation
6 to 8 million people die annually from the consequences of disasters and water-related diseases

33. How Much Water Do You Use
Average person in US uses ~100 gpd
Average person in India~ 40 gpd

34. What can you learn from this chart?

35. Making Water Safe Potable: safe to drink
Most water needs to be treated
Pathogens: organisms that cause diseases
Bacteria, viruses, worms

36. Drinking Water Treatment

37. Uses of Water Industrial Water Use 19% of worldwide water use
To make “stuff”
Dispose of waste
Cooling power plants (most)

39. Uses of Water Agriculture: 67% of worldwide water use
Irrigation: providing water to plants )other than by precipitation)
80 gallons to produce 1 ear of corn
1 lb. beef = 1,000 gal.
LOTS OF WATER

40. Irrigation
Where does all this water come from?

41. From the ground –
the figure shows ground subsidence (sinking) due to removal of groundwater
- 9 meters or 29 feet
or 7 inches per year!
WHY? To grow our food

42. Water Management Humans have altered water flow for thousands of years
Engineering
Dams, canals, pipes, towers bring water to where it is needed

45. California aqueduct brings water hundreds of miles, across deserts, mountains

46. Dams and Reservoirs Reservoir: an artificial lake often behind a dam
Flood control
Recreation
Water supply
Drinking
irrigation
Generate electricity
20% worldwide

47. Pros and Cons of Dams Downstream cropland and
Large losses
of water through
evaporation
Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
Downstream flooding is reduced
Downstream cropland and
estuaries are deprived of
nutrient-rich silt
Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing
Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)
Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted
Provides water
for year-round
irrigation of
cropland

49. Water Conservation
Fastest, easiest way to increase water supplies is to use less water
Agriculture
Industry
At home
What are some ways you can conserve water?

50. Irrigation As much as 80% normally evaporates
Drip Irrigation, reduces that number greatly

51. Industry
Recycling
Cooling water
Wastewater

53. Desalinization Removing salt from salt water Has a lot of promise
Very energy intensive
Very expensive
What to do with waste?
Future?

54. Transporting Water
The Nordic Water Supply Company in Oslo, Norway, has signed a contract to deliver 7 million cubic meters of water per year in bags to northern Cyprus.

55. Section 2 Review
Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture.
Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home.
Describe ways to increase water supplies
Identify ways to conserve water
TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

56. Section 3: Water Pollution
GOALS:
Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution
Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution
Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater
What does the Clean Water Act do?
TERMS: water pollution, point-source, non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication

57. Freshwater animals are vanishing faster than those on land or at sea.

58. What is Water Pollution?
Water Pollution: is the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological substances that affects organisms that depend upon it
Many types of water pollution

60. Point Source Pollution coming from one single place Leaking tanker
Pipe from a factory
Leaking underground storage tank
Can easily be identified and traced

61. Point Sources – easily identified

62. Non-Point Source
Comes from various sources that are hard to identify and may be spread over a large area
Runoff from farms
Runoff from cities
Difficult to identify
Hard to control
HUGE PROBLEM – accounts for 96% of water pollution

63. How can a farmer in Montana affect a shrimp farmer in Louisiana?
NON-Point

64. Point vs Non-Point NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes Cropland Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES

65. Principal Water Pollutants

66. Types of Water Pollution 1) Wastewater
Water that flows down the drain
What’s in it?
Where does it go? (out-of-sight, out-of-mind)
Is it harmful?

67. Sewage Sludge – can be toxic

69. 2) Eutrophication Natural process – however -
Too many nutrients (N & P) in the water causes algal blooms and decreased oxygen in water
Causes “dead zones” in water
Little or no oxygen

70. Artificial or Cultural Eutrophication

71. 3) Thermal Pollution Occurs when temperature of water rises rapidly
Power plants
Factories cooling equipment
Causes fish kills
Decreases oxygen in water – suffocates aquatic organisms

73. 4) Groundwater Pollution
Pollution that percolates down from land or surface water pollution
Fertilizers, pesticides, leaking underground tanks
Many leaking underground tanks

76. What would make groundwater pollution hard to clean up?

77. Groundwater Pollution
What could happen if recharge zone is polluted?
Common pollutants in recharge zone:
1. Nitrates
2. Petroleum products
3. Pesticides
4. Heavy metals
5. Industrial pollutants

78. Difficulties with cleaning groundwater pollution:
1. Recharge is very slow; 100s – 1000s years to recycle
2. Water dispersed over large areas
3. Pollutants can cling to particles that make up aquifer
Best course of action is to prevent groundwater pollution

79. 5) Ocean Pollution Pollutants directly or indirectly put into oceans
85% of ocean pollution is land based
Oil spills
Runoff
River pollution
Cruise Ships
Development along coasts
Increasingly a problem

81. 15 BIGGEST OIL SPILLS

82. Water Pollution and Ecosystems
Can cause immediate damage to an ecosystem
Effects can be far reaching
Some pollutants build up (they do not decompose quickly)
Biomagnification is the accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain.
Biomagnification has alarming consequences for organisms at the top of the food chain, and is one reason why U.S. states limit the amount of fish people can eat from certain bodies of water.

83. Biomagnification

84. in an individual
in a food chain

85. Cleaning Up Water Pollution
1969 Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire
1972 Congress passes Clean Water Act
1970s Environmental Activism/Awareness

86. Cleaning Up Water Pollution
Clean Water Act of 1972 was to “restore and maintain the physical, chemical and biological integrity of the nation’s water.”
Fishable and Swimmable
Better, but… still many polluted water bodies

87. Cleaning Up Water Pollution

88. CLEAN WATER ACT (1972)
“to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nations water’s”
goal – to make all surface water clean enough for fishing and swimming by 1983

89. Section 3 Review
GOALS:
Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution
Describe the 5 types of water pollution
Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater
What does the Clean Water Act do?
TERMS: water pollution, point-source, non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication

90. Chapter 11 Review Describe where Earth’s water resources are located.
How is Earth’s water a limited resource?
How can we manage our water resources better?
What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

91. What does the future hold for water on planet Earth?
Climate Change?
Melting Glaciers?
Human Population rising?
Water Scarcity?

92. Types of pollution
Wastewater
Groundwater
Eutrophication
Thermal
Ocean