1. Chapter 13: Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Applied Genetics 13.2 DNA Technology 13.3 The Human Genome

2. 13.1 Applied Genetics Main idea: Selective breeding is used to produce organisms with desired traits Main idea: Selective breeding is used to produce organisms with desired traits Objectives Objectives Describe how selective breeding is used to produce organisms with desired traits Describe how selective breeding is used to produce organisms with desired traits Compare inbreeding and hybridization Compare inbreeding and hybridization Assess the genotypes of organisms using a Punnett square test cross Assess the genotypes of organisms using a Punnett square test cross Review Vocabulary Review Vocabulary Hybrid: organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait Hybrid: organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait New Vocabulary New Vocabulary Selective breeding Selective breeding Inbreeding Inbreeding Test cross Test cross

3. Selective Breeding The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding.

4. Selective Breeding Breeding for desired traits are not restricted to animals alone. Breeding for desired traits are not restricted to animals alone. Plants are also breed to produce desired traits, such as larger fruits and shorter growing times. Plants are also breed to produce desired traits, such as larger fruits and shorter growing times. Through the processes of hybridization and inbreeding, desired traits can be passed on to future generations. Through the processes of hybridization and inbreeding, desired traits can be passed on to future generations.

5. Hybridization Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster. A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and expensive. Because hybrids can be bred to be more nutritious, to have the ability to adapt to a wide range of changes in the environment, and to produce greater numbers of offspring, the advantages of hybridization sometimes outweigh the disadvantages.

6. Inbreeding The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding. A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations. Inbreeding increases the chance of homozygous recessive offspring.

7. 13.2 DNA Technology Main idea: Researchers use genetic engineering to manipulate DNA. Main idea: Researchers use genetic engineering to manipulate DNA. Objectives Objectives Describe how genetic engineering manipulates recombinant DNA. Describe how genetic engineering manipulates recombinant DNA. Compare selective breeding to genetic engineering Compare selective breeding to genetic engineering Summarize how genetic engineering can be used to improve human health. Summarize how genetic engineering can be used to improve human health. Review Vocabulary Review Vocabulary DNA: the genetic material of all organisms, composed of two complementary chains of nucleotides wound in a double helix. DNA: the genetic material of all organisms, composed of two complementary chains of nucleotides wound in a double helix. New Vocabulary New Vocabulary Genetic engineering Genome Restriction enzyme Gel electrophoresis Recombinant DNA Plasmid DNA ligase Transformation Cloning Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Transgenic organism

8. Genetic Engineering Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA. For example, researchers have inserted a gene for bioluminescent protein called green fluorescent protein (GFP) into various organisms.

9. GFP Genetically engineered bollworm

10. Genetically Engineered Organisms are Used to: study the expression of a particular gene. investigate cellular processes. study the development of a certain disease. select traits that might be beneficial to humans.

11. DNA Sequencing To understand how DNA is sequenced, scientists mix an unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four nucleotides—A, C, G, T in a tube.

12. DNA Sequencing (cont.) Each nucleotide is tagged with a different color of fluorescent dye. Every time a modified fluorescent-tagged nucleotide is incorporated into the newly synthesized strand, the reaction stops. The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.

13. Biotechnology Biotechnology – the use of genetic engineering to find solutions to problems – makes it possible to produce organisms that contain individual genes from another organism. Biotechnology – the use of genetic engineering to find solutions to problems – makes it possible to produce organisms that contain individual genes from another organism. Organisms genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms Organisms genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms

14. Transgenic Animals Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research. Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research. Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans to study diseases and ways to treat them. Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans to study diseases and ways to treat them. Transgenic livestock – to improve food supply and human health. Transgenic livestock – to improve food supply and human health. Transgenic goats – to secrete a protein called antithrombin III, which is used to prevent human blood from forming clots during surgery. Transgenic goats – to secrete a protein called antithrombin III, which is used to prevent human blood from forming clots during surgery. Transgenic chickens & goats to be resistant to diseases. Transgenic chickens & goats to be resistant to diseases. Transgenic fish – to grow faster. Transgenic fish – to grow faster. Future transgenic organisms might be used as a source of organs for organ transplants. Future transgenic organisms might be used as a source of organs for organ transplants.

15. Transgenic Plants Plants have been genetically engineered to be more resistant to insect or viral pests, such as herbicide- and insecticide-resistant soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola. Plants have been genetically engineered to be more resistant to insect or viral pests, such as herbicide- and insecticide-resistant soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola. Researchers also are developing peanuts and soybeans that do not cause allergic reactions. Researchers also are developing peanuts and soybeans that do not cause allergic reactions. Other crops are being field-tested: sweet-potato plants that are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest; rice plants with increased iron and vitamins that could decrease malnutrition; and a variety of plants to survive extreme weather conditions, produce vaccines, and biodegradable plastics. Other crops are being field-tested: sweet-potato plants that are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest; rice plants with increased iron and vitamins that could decrease malnutrition; and a variety of plants to survive extreme weather conditions, produce vaccines, and biodegradable plastics.

16. Transgenic Bacteria Insulin, growth hormones, and substances that dissolve blood clots are made by transgenic bacteria. Insulin, growth hormones, and substances that dissolve blood clots are made by transgenic bacteria. Transgenic bacteria also slow the formation of ice crystals on crops to protect them from damage, clean up oil spills more efficiently, and decompose garbage. Transgenic bacteria also slow the formation of ice crystals on crops to protect them from damage, clean up oil spills more efficiently, and decompose garbage.

17. 13.3 The Human Genome Main idea: Genomes contain all of the information needed for an organism to grow and survive. Main idea: Genomes contain all of the information needed for an organism to grow and survive. Objectives: Objectives: Describe components of the human genome. Describe components of the human genome. Describe how forensic scientists use DNA fingerprinting. Describe how forensic scientists use DNA fingerprinting. Explain how information from the human genome can be used to diagnose human diseases. Explain how information from the human genome can be used to diagnose human diseases. Review Vocabulary Review Vocabulary Codon: The triplet of bases in the DNA or mRNA. Codon: The triplet of bases in the DNA or mRNA. New Vocabulary New Vocabulary DNA fingerprinting Bioinformatics DNA microarray Single nucleotide polymorphism Haplotype Pharmacogenomics Gene Therapy Genomics Proteomics

18. The Human Genome Project The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.

19. Decoding the Human Genome Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to reading a book that was printed in code.

20. The Human Genome Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all the proteins in the body. The genome is filled with long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function. These regions are called noncoding sequences.

21. DNA Fingerprinting Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals. The long stretches of noncoding regions of DNA are unique to each individual. DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual.

22. Pharmacogenomics The study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs is called pharmacogenomics. The benefits of pharmacogenomics include more accurate dosing of drugs that are safer and more specific to speed recovery and reduce side-effects.

23. Gene Therapy A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases is called gene therapy. Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.