1. National Unification and the National State
Chapter 4 Section 3

2. A. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
Revolutions of 1848 had failed
Germany and Italy want to be unified
The Crimean War will shift European power and allow them to unify in the 1850s

3. 1. The Crimean War
Ottoman Empire controlled the Balkan Peninsula
Empire was weakening
Russia wanted the Peninsula to have access to the Black and Mediterranean Seas
This would make Russia a powerful nation
Other European powers feared the Russians and hoped to take parts of the Ottoman Empire for themselves

4. 1853, Russians invade Moldavia and Walachia
Ottoman Turks declare war on Russia
Britain and France feared Russia, so they also declared war
War was poorly planned and fought, and Russia surrenders in 1854
Moldavia and Walachia were placed under control of Britain and France
This war ended the Concert of Europe
Austria was supposed to help Russia, but sided w/ Britain and France

5. B. Italian Unification 1850, Austrian Empire dominated Italy
Austrian emperor worked w/ the royalty of the Italian states
One state Piedmont, was not connected to the Austrian Empire
King Victor Emanuall II was the king of Piedmont
He appointed Camillo de Cavour as his prime minister
Cavour to build a strong army, so that Piedmont could unify Italy
Cavour allied w/ Louis-Napoleon
1859, Piedmont went to war w/ Austria
Piedmont wins and gives Nice and Savoy to France for their help

6. Piedmont got to keep the province of Lombardy
After hearing of Piedmont’s success, Italian nationalists in Parma, Modena, and Tuscany revolt against Austria to join Piedmont
Southern Italian states unified under Giuseppe Giribaldi, and Italian nationalist
Giribaldi wanted to create a unified Italian nations
He raised an army of 1000 volunteers called the Red Shirts
Giribaldi took over Sicily and Naples in 1860
Giribaldi gave both territories to King Victor Emanual II of Piedmont

7. Austria goes to war w/ Prussia and Italians help Prussia win
Prussians reward the Italians w/ Venetia
French troops had supported the Pope in Rome, but during the Austrian/Prussian War, they withdrew
1870, Italians took over Rome
Italy was now unified

8. C. German Unification Germans want to unify like Italy
German Confederation looked to Prussia for leadership
Prussia’s government was authoritarian and militaristic
-this meant that they relied heavily on their military
Kaiser William I was king of Prussia
HE wanted to expand the military, but the legislature refused
He appointed Otto Von Bismark as prime minister of Prussia
Believed in Realpolitik
Politics based on practical matters rather than theory
Bismark ignored the Legislature and enlarged the army
In July, 1866 Austria and Prussia go to war

9. Austrians defeated
The Northern German states formed a Confederation The southern states allied with Prussia as well
Next, Germany battles France in the Franco-Prussian War
The French were no match for the Prussians and defeated France in 1871
France had to pay about $1 billion and give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine

10. William I was proclaimed Kaiser or ruler of the Second German Reich or empire
With its industrial resources and military might, Germany was the strongest power in Europe

11. D. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
1. Britain
-avoided the revolutions of the 19th century
-they had a stable economy and gov’t
-they also allowed the middle class the right of suffrage
-working class people were prosperous as well
-Queen Victoria ruled during this period
-she ruled longer than any monarch in British history

12. 2. France
-Louis-Napoleon was president of France
-held a plebiscite (vote) to return France to an Empire
-Most of France approved
-He was named Emperor Napoleon III of France
-he took away civil liberties
-controlled legislature

13. 3. Austria
-After Austria was defeated by the Prussians, they were forced to make a treaty with Hungary
-the Compromise of 1867 created the joint country of Austria-Hungary
-Both had separate governments and capitals (Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary)
-They were both ruled by one king
-The compromise did not satisfy the minorities on the country

14. 4. Russia
-Russian government able to withstand revolution because it was oppressive
-After the defeat in the Crimean War, Russia realized that it was falling behind
-Czar Alexander II issued the Emancipation Edict
got rid of serfdom
-now all serfs (peasants) could own land
-the government bought the land from land owners and gave it to peasants
-land was worthless, so peasants still starved
-Alexander II was assassinated and his son took over and pushed Russia back into an oppressive gov’t

15. E. Nationalism in the U.S.
The War of 1812, between Britain and the U.S. caused nationalism to spread throughout America
It endured up until the Civil War
Civil War was caused by the push for the abolition of slavery
Opinions over slavery were divided and when Abraham Lincoln became president, the South broke seceded
The Civil War lasted 4 years and more than 600,000 Americans died
Afterwards, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves and united America once again