1. Basic biochemical analyses

2. What is biochemical testing? Biochemical testing looks at the levels of specific substances and enzymes that are produced by chemical reactions in the body.

3. Blood glucose Fasting blood sugar (FBS) 2-hour postprandial blood sugar Random blood sugar (RBS) Oral glucose tolerance test Glycohemoglobin A1c

4. Cholesterol levels Total Cholesterol (TC) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Triglycerides (TG)

5. Enzyme tests Most common enzyme tests are: ALT test AST test ALP test LDH test CK test CK – MB test Lipase test…

6. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase test) Liver damage ALT released into the bloodstream ALT test useful for detecting liver damage

7. AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) It is mostly done together with the ALT and some other tests, in order to detect liver damage.

8. ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) Elevated levels of ALP in the blood are most commonly caused by liver disease or bone disorders.

9. LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase test) Cell damage LDH is released from the cell into the bloodstream LDH – marker of injury to cell

10. AMYLASE TEST Injured cells in the pancreas Higher concentration of amylase in blood and urine Amylase test

11. CK (creatine kinase test) Any condition that causes muscle damage can cause increase in the level of creatine kinase enzyme in the blood. CK – MB test can be used to determine whether the increased amount of CK in blood is due to heart damage or skeletal muscle injury.

12. CK – MB test

13. LIPASE TEST Lipase test Increased amount of lipase in blood Cells in pancreas are injured, pancreatic duct is blocked

14. Protein tests Total protein test Albumin test Protein electrophoresis

15. Total protein test Total protein may decrease in conditions: where production of albumin or globulin proteins is impaired; that accelerate the breakdown or loss of protein; that increase plasma volume; Total protein may increase with conditions that cause: abnormally high production of proteins; dehydratation;

16. Albumin test Liver function Concentration of albumin in the blood

17. Protein electrophoresis used: to identify the presence of abnormal proteins; to identify absence of normal proteins; To determine when different groups of proteins are present in high or low amounts;

18. General analyses: Urinalysis; Uric acid test; Bilirubin test;

19. Urinalysis group of chemical and microscopic tests that detect the byproducts of normal and abnormal metabolism, cells, cellular fragments, and bacteria in urine;

20. Uric acid test used to detect high levels of uric acid in the blood in order to help diagnose gout; used to monitor uric acid levels in people undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment;

21. Bilirubin test measures the amount of bilirubin in blood in order to evaluate liver function or to help diagnose hemolytic anemia;

22. Unknown words and phrases: enzyme ( ˈɛ nza ɪ m) – enzim; insulin ( ˈɪ nsj ʊ l ɪ n) – insulin; fast (fast) – post; postprandial (pə ʊ st ˈ prænd ɪ əl) – poslije obroka; triglycerides (trī-glĭs'ə-rīd') – trigliceridi; bloodstream ( ˈ bl ʌ d ˌ stri ː m) – krvotok; urinalysis ( ˌ j ʊ ər ɪˈ næl ɪ s ɪ s) – analiza urina; purine ( ˈ pj ʊ əri ː n) – purin (purinska baza); bilirubin ( ˌ b ɪ l ɪˈ ru ː b ɪ n)- bilirubin;

23. Questions: 1. What is biochemical test? 2. Oval glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes that occurs during... (which specific period)? 3. ALT, ASP, ALP are test used to detect damages of which organ? 4. Uric acid test can be used to monitor uric acid levels in people undergoing… 5. What is bilirubin?

24. Literature: diabetes.webmd.com my.clevelandclinic.org labtestsonline.org