1. ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT SUBMITTED TO Under Guidance:-Submitted By Mr. Gaurav RoyAbhinay Singh (AORD E-Network System Kanpur)Pranjul Pal Ravi Kumar Ratnesh Singh f

2. 1. Introduction 2. Technology 3. Types of Networking 4. Ethernet and The OSI Model 5. The TCP/IP Model 6. Differences Between OSI and TCP/IP Model 7. Subnetting 8. Examples of Subnetting 9. Networking Devices 10. Hubs Vs Switches 11. Routers 12. Router Configurations 13. Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

3.  CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate  It gives the information about networking,its types and its application.  Networking is very important as it provides communication.  It is also very useful as it helps in resource sharing.  Thus, overall it is a cost saving technique.

5.  LAN – It stands for local area network. Eg: network within a campus.  MAN – It stands for metropolitan area network. Eg: network connecting various cities.  WAN – It stands for wide area network. Eg : internet on a whole world.

7.  The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference model because it wanted a network that could survive any conditions.  Some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the OSI model.

8.  Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control.  The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all application related issues into one layer and ensures this data is properly packaged before passing it on to the next layer.

9. Five basic services:  Segmenting upper-layer application data  Establishing end-to-end operations  Sending segments from one end host to another end host  Ensuring data reliability  Providing flow control

10. The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from a network node and have them arrive at the destination node independent of the path taken.

11.  The network access layer is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link to the network media.  It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details contained in the OSI physical and data link layers.

12.  TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer into its application layer.  TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer.  TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers.  TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not always guarantee reliable delivery of packets as the transport layer in the OSI model does.

13. About Subnetting In subnetting, a network is divided into several smaller subnetwork with each subnetwork(or subnet) having its own subnetwork address. Class A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two levels of hierarchy. The organization has two-level hierarchical addressing, but it cannot have more than one physical network./ The host cannot be organized into groups, and all of the hosts are at the same level./ The organization has one network with many hosts. One solution to this problem is subnetting, the further division of a network into smaller networks called subnetworks.

14. EXAMPLE OF SUBNETTING ( Example / Class A) An organization with a class A address at least 1,000 subnetworks. Find the subnet mask and configuration of each subnetwork. (Solution) 1.There is a need for at least 1,000 subnetworks.(we need at least 1,002 subnetworks to allow for the all-1s and all-0s subnetids) 2.This means that the minimum number of bits to be allocated for subnetting should be 10, (2 9 < 1,002 < 2 10 ). 3.14 bits are left to define the hostids. Subnet mask (11000000 = 192).

16. Range of addresses

17.  LAN card  BRIDGE  HUB  SWITCH  ROUTER

18. Hubs vs. switches  Hubs – less expensive, used in a very small LAN where low throughput is OK  Switches – segments collision domains, interconnects network segments, more expensive, but performance makes it cost effective.

19.  It is a layer 3 or network layer device.  In this there is no broadcast.  It is WAN technology device.  It is useful to connect different networks.  Packet filtering & it finds the best path selection. ROUTERS

21.  A router is a network layer device that uses one or more routing metrics to determine the optimal path.  Routing metrics are values used in determining the advantage of one route over another.  Routing protocols use various combinations of metrics for determining the best path for data.

22. Router Configuration Router always has two configurations: Running configuration In RAM, determines how the router is currently operating Is modified using the configure command To see it: show running-config Startup configuration In NVRAM, determines how the router will operate after next reload Is modified using the copy command To see it: show startup-config

23. Router Access Modes User EXEC mode - limited examination of router – Router> Privileged EXEC mode - detailed examination of router, debugging, testing, file manipulation – Router# ROM Monitor - useful for password recovery & new IOS upload session Setup Mode – available when router has no startup-config file

24. Logging Into The Router Connect router to console port or telnet to router – router> – router>enable – password – router# – router#? Configuring the router – Terminal (entering the commands directly) – router# configure terminal – router(config)# USER MODE PROMPT PRIVILEDGED MODE PROMPT

25. Deleting Your Router’s Configuration To delete your router’s configuration Router#erase startup-config OR Router#write erase Router#reload Router will startup again, but in setup mode, since startup-config file does not exists

26. ROUTING  Routing is the exchange of routes between different networks.  There are three types of routing: 1. Default routing 2. Static routing 3. Dynamic routing

27.  A routing protocol is the communication used between routers.  A routing protocol allows one router to share information with other routers.  The information a router gets from another router, using a routing protocol, is used to build & maintain a routing table. Examples of routing protocols: 1. RIP [ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL] 2. EIGRP[ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL] 3. OSPF[OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST] DYNAMIC ROUTING

28. Version 3.1 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) RIP is a distance vector routing protocol Hop count is used as the metric for path selection If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet will be discarded By default, routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds RIP has evolved over the years from a Classful Routing Protocol, RIP Version 1 (RIP v1), to a Classless Routing Protocol, RIP Version 2 (RIP v2). Configuring RIP Router(config)#router rip

29.  A network consists of two or more entities sharing resources and information. A computer network consists of two or more computers that are connected and are able to communicate  The basic purpose of networks is to enable effective communication, share resources, and facilitate centralized management of data. Networks can be classified according to their geographical boundaries or their component roles.