1. APES on-line practice tests BARRONS http://barronsbooks.com/AP/envsci/ap_en vironmental_science.htmlhttp://barronsbooks.com/AP/envsci/ap_en vironmental_science.html

2. SYNERGISM Problems magnified when different pollutants occur together EXAMPLE: Sulfur dioxide in the presence of suspended air particulates produces human health effects often greater than can be accounted for by exposure to either pollutant alone

3. TRUE LIFE EXAMPLE: London December 5–9, 1952 High concentrations of air pollution were trapped to the ground due to specific weather conditions at the time. Because of the cold winter, Londoners were burning more low-quality, high-sulfur coal to heat their homes.

4. AIR UNIT PARTICULATE MATTER

5. POLLUTANTS Harmful substances released into the air TWO KINDS NATURAL SOURCES –Volcanic eruptions, dust storms, fire, ocean spray HUMAN ACTIVITY –Not a new problem –Ancient Roman writers complained of air pollution

6. ACTIVITY Roman Air Article

7. AIR POLLUTION DISASTERS 1880 London1000 dead 1950 Mexico322 ill, 22 dead 1953 New York250 dead 1957 London700-800 dead 1963 New York200-400 dead

8. OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION –Powered by the burning of fossil fuels WHAT ARE FOSSIL FUELS? –Wood, coal, oil, natural gas …

9. For this unit…. We will look at specific examples of air pollution –Problems –Location where most severe –Solutions

10. What Are the Six Common Air Pollutants? Ozone Particulate Matter Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Oxides Sulfur Dioxide Lead http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/

11. Air Pollution and Lung Cancer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koYY8t 8Bqa4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koYY8t 8Bqa4 Air Pollution and Other Health Problems? YES - chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys; air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly.

12. Ambient Air Quality Standards Ambient air quality standards are specified concentrations and durations of air pollutants which reflect the relationship between the intensity and composition of pollution to undesirable effects. http://home.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/APE S/Unit12/CA_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standa rds.htmhttp://home.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/APE S/Unit12/CA_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standa rds.htm

13. PARTICULATE MATTER Type of air pollution that includes fine dust, dirt, soot and smoke. It can also appear as droplets. Much of the matter is so small you can’t see it. It is generally grouped into two sizes:

14. PM 10 and PM 2.5 PM10 stands for particulate matter measuring between 2.5 and 10 micrometers –This is thinner than the width of a human hair PM2.5 (Referred to as “P-M two-point five.”) identifies particulates smaller than 2.5 micrometers. These particles can stay airborne several days

16. Makes up as much as half the haze you see around the valley.

17. SOURCES …. NATURAL –Dust Storms MAN-MADE –Construction –Agriculture

18. Mobile Source Emissions: Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 )

20. Why so much variation? What does this tell you about the PM 10 source?

22. Suspended Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) Properties: particles suspended in air (<10 um) Sources: burning coal or diesel, volcanoes, factories, unpaved roads, plowing, lint, pollen, spores, burning fields Health Effects: lung damage, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic (birth defects) Types: SPM: dust, soot, asbestos, lead, PCBs, dioxins, pesticides EPA Standard: 50 ug/m 3 (annual mean)

23. HEALTH EFFECTS Can cause lung irritation, which leads to increased permeability in lung tissue. Aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseases, causing rapid loss of airway function. Causes inflammation of lung tissue, resulting in the release of chemicals that can impact heart function.

24. Causes changes in blood chemistry that can result in clots that may lead to heart attacks. Can increase susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens leading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections.

25. How does particulate matter get into your body? When you inhale, you breathe in air as well as any particles that are floating in the air. The particles can travel into your respiratory system, and get lodged in your airway or lungs.

26. PM2.5 - are of greatest health concern –these can pass through the nose and throat and be absorbed deep inside the lungs.

27. ANIMATION… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a- gF0BPaKqEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a- gF0BPaKqE

28. Which is worse – air pollution or cigarette smoke? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUo- fqjYEjMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUo- fqjYEjM

29. REGULATIONS: CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) – Goal is to reduce energy consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks

30. These standards specifically restrict emissions of CO, NOx, particulate matter, formaldehyde (HCHO), non-methane organic gases (NMOG), and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and the amount of sulfur allowed in gasoline and diesel fuel. NOTE: Do not cover the primary component of vehicle exhaust, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) since CO 2 emissions are proportional to the amount of fuel used.

31. What can you do to reduce Dust & Particulates? Drive on paved roads only. Don’t take short cuts across vacant lots. Fence off barren property or cover it with gravel, rock or desert-friendly landscaping. Ride ATV’s and other off-road vehicles outside the valley’s non-attainment area. Call the Department of Air Quality’s dust complaint hotline at 385-DUST (3878) to report excessive amounts of blowing dust from construction sites and other sources.

32. Combine vehicle trips to reduce how often you start your car and the number of miles you travel. Car pool and/or use alternative methods of transportation when possible. For bus-route and CLUB Ride Commuter Services information, contact the Regional Transportation Commission at 228-7433, CAT- RIDE. Reduce wood burning, especially on high dust days.

33. ACTIVITY Let’s see what types of particulate matter is found around Shadow Ridge HS

34. HOMEWORK SGQ #2 LV Particulate Matter solutions Chp 15 Measuring Your Impact