1. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 1/35 Multimedia Networking Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili (hbahadili@uop.edu.jo)hbahadili@uop.edu.jo Faculty of Information Technology University of Petra Introduction

2. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 2/35 There is no generally accepted taxonomy into which all Computer Networks fit. Computer Networks can be classified according to 1.Their transmission technology 2.Their scale There are two types of transmission technology that are in widespread use. They are as follows: 1.Broadcast links. 2.Point-to-point links. Transmission Technology

3. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 3/35 Broadcast networks are defined as networks that have a single communication channel that is shared by all the machines on the network. In broadcast networks, short messages (packets) sent by any machine are received by all the others. An address field within the packet specifies the intended recipient. Upon receiving a packet, a machine checks the address field. If the packet is intended for the receiving machine, that machine processes the packet; if the packet is intended for some other machine, it is just ignored. Transmission Technology

4. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 4/35 Broadcasting is defined as a mode of operation that allows the possibility of addressing a packet to all destinations by using a special code in the address field. When a packet with this code is transmitted, it is received and processed by every machine on the network. Transmission Technology

5. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 5/35 Multicasting is defined as a mode of operation that supports transmission to a group of machines on the network. One possible scheme is to reserve one bit to indicate multicasting. The remaining n -1 address bits can hold a group number. Each machine can subscribe to any or all of the groups. When a packet is sent to a certain group, it is delivered to all machines subscribing to that group. Transmission Technology

6. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 6/35 Point-to-point networks consist of many connections between individual pairs of machines. To go from the source to the destination, a packet on this type of network may have to visit one or more intermediate machines. Often multiple routes, of different lengths, are possible, so finding good ones is important in point-to-point networks. Unicasting is defined as a point-to-point transmission with one sender and one receiver. Transmission Technology

7. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 7/35 We can imagine that each layer on one machine carries on a direct conversation with the same layer on another machine. A layer protocol is defined as the rules and conventions used in the conversation between same layers on different machines. A protocol is an agreement between the communicating parties on how communication is to proceed. Definition of Protocol

8. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 8/35 Computer networks are organized as a stack of layers or levels, each one built upon the one below it. The number of layers, the name of each layer, the contents of each layer, and the function of each layer differ from network to network. The purpose of each layer is to offer certain services to the higher layers, shielding those layers from the details of how the offered services are actually implemented. In a sense, each layer is a kind of virtual machine, offering certain services to the layer above it. Protocol Hierarchies

9. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 9/35 Protocol Hierarchies

10. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 10/35 Protocol Hierarchies

11. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 11/35 Some of the key design issues that occur in computer networks are: 1.Addressing 2.Rules for Data Flow 3.Error Control 4.Order Control 5.Flow Control 6.Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 7.Routing Design Issues for the Computer Network Layers

12. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 12/35 Every layer needs a mechanism for identifying senders and receivers. Since a network normally has many computers, some of which have multiple processes, a means is needed for a process on one machine to specify with whom it wants to talk. As a consequence of having multiple destinations, some form of addressing is needed in order to specify a specific destination. Addressing

13. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 13/35 Rules for data transfer are an important set of design decisions that must be carefully considered. (i) Direction of data flow: In some systems, data only travel in one direction; in others, data can go both ways. (ii) Number of logical channels: The protocol must also determine how many logical channels the connection corresponds to and what their priorities are. Many networks provide at least two logical channels per connection, one for normal data and one for urgent data. Rules for Data Flow

14. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 14/35 Error control is an important issue because physical communication circuits are not perfect. Many error-detecting and error-correcting codes are known, but both ends of the connection must agree on which one is being used. In addition, the receiver must have some way of telling the sender which messages have been correctly received and which have not. Error Control

15. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 15/35 Not all communication channels preserve the order of messages sent on them. To deal with a possible loss of sequencing, the protocol must make explicit provision for the receiver to allow the pieces to be reassembled properly. An obvious solution is to number the pieces, but this solution still leaves open the question of what should be done with pieces that arrive out of order. Order Control

16. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 16/35 An issue that occurs at every level is how to keep a fast sender from swamping a slow receiver with data. Various solutions have been proposed and will be discussed later. Some of them involve some kind of feedback from the receiver to the sender, either directly or indirectly, about the receiver's current situation. Others limit the sender to an agreed-on transmission rate. This subject is called flow control. Flow control

17. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 17/35 When it is inconvenient or expensive to set up a separate connection for each pair of communicating processes, the underlying layer may decide to use the same connection for multiple, unrelated conversations. This can be done using multiplexing and demultiplexing approaches. As long as this multiplexing and demultiplexing is done transparently, it can be used by any layer. Multiplexing is needed in the physical layer, for example, where all the traffic for all connections has to be sent over at most a few physical circuits. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

18. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 18/35 Routing Routing is the process of selecting a specific path for the message when there are multiple paths between source and destination. Sometimes this decision must be split over two or more layers. For example, to send data from London to Rome, a high-level decision might have to be made to transit France or Germany based on their respective privacy laws. Then a low-level decision might have to made to select one of the available circuits based on the current traffic load.

19. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 19/35 This model is based on a proposal developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) as a first step toward international standardization of the protocols used in the various layers. The model is called the ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model because it deals with connecting open systems - that is, systems that are open for communication with other systems. It will be just called the OSI model for short. The OSI Reference Model

20. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 20/35 The OSI model has seven layers, these are: 1.Physical Layer 2.Data Link Layer 3.The Network Layer 4.The Transport Layer 5.The Session Layer 6.The Presentation Layer 7.The Application Layer The OSI Reference Model

21. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 21/35 The OSI Model

22. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 22/35 TCP/IP and OSI Model

23. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 23/35 The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication channel. The design issues have to do with making sure that when one side sends a 1 bit, it is received by the other side as a 1 bit, not as a 0 bit. The Physical Layer Typical questions here are  how many volts should be used to represent a 1 and how many for a 0,  how many nanoseconds a bit lasts,  how the initial connection for full-duplex transmission is established and how it is terminated when both sides are finished,  how many pins the network connector has and what each pin is used for. The design issues here largely deal with mechanical, electrical, timing interfaces, and the physical transmission medium, which lies below the physical layer.

24. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 24/35 The main task of the DLL is to transform a raw transmission facility into a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors to the network layer. The DLL accomplishes this task by having the sender breaks up the input data into frames and transmit the frames sequentially. The receiver confirms correct receipt of each frame by sending back an ACK frame. Another issue that arises in the DLL is how to keep a fast transmitter from drowning a slow receiver in data. The Data link Layer (DLL) Broadcast networks have an additional issue in the DLL: how to control access to the shared channel. A special sublayer of the DLL, the medium access control (MAC) sublayer, deals with this problem.

25. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 25/35 The Key design issues in the NL are: 1.Determining how packets are routed from source to destination. 2.The control of packet congestion (many packets are present in the net at the same time forming bottlenecks because they get one another's way). 3.The QoS provided (delay, transit time, jitter, etc.). 4.Handles different addressing protocols and large packets to allow heterogeneous networks internetworking. The Network Layer Routes can be classified as: 1.Routes based on static tables that are wired into the network and rarely changed. 2.Routes determined at the start of each conversation (e.g., a terminal session (login to a remote machine). 3.Routes can be highly dynamic, being determined a new route for each packet, to reflect the current network load.

26. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 26/35 The Transport Layer The basic functions of the transport layer are: 1.Accepts data from above, split it up into smaller units if need be, pass these to the network layer, and ensure that the pieces all arrive correctly at the other end. 2.Determines what type of service to provide to the session layer, and to the users of the network. 3.Transports isolated messages, with no guarantee about the order of delivery. 4.Broadcasts messages to multiple destinations. The Transport Layer

27. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 27/35 The most popular type of transport connection is an error-free point-to-point channel that delivers messages in the order in which they were sent. The TL is a true end-to-end layer, all the way from the source to the destination. A program on the source machine carries on a conversation with a similar program on the destination machine, using the message headers and control messages. In the lower layers, the protocols are between each machine and its immediate neighbours, and not between the ultimate source and destination machines, which may be separated by many routers. The Transport Layer

28. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 28/35 The layer above the internet layer in the TCP/IP model is now usually called the TL. It is designed to allow peer entities on the source and destination hosts to carry on a conversation, just as in the OSI transport layer. Two end-to-end transport protocols have been defined: 1.The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 2.The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) The Transport Layer

29. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 29/35 It is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be delivered without error on any other machine in the internet. It fragments the incoming byte stream into discrete messages and passes each one on to the internet layer. At the destination, the receiving TCP process reassembles the received messages into the output stream. TCP handles flow control to make sure a fast sender cannot swamp a slow receiver with more messages than it can handle. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

30. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 30/35 It is an unreliable connectionless protocol for applications that do not want TCP's sequencing or flow control and wish to provide their own. It is also widely used for one-shot, client-server-type request-reply queries and applications in which prompt delivery is more important than accurate delivery, such as transmitting speech or video. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

31. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 31/35 The session layer allows users on different machines to establish sessions between them. Sessions offer various services, including 1.Dialog control to keep track of whose to transmit. 2.Token management to prevent two parties from attempting the same operation at the same time. 3.Synchronization to check long transmissions to allow them to continue from where they were after a crash. The Session Layer

32. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 32/35 The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted, which is unlike lower layers, that are mostly concerned with moving bits around. In order to make it possible for computers with different data representations to communicate, the data structures to be exchanged can be defined in an abstract way, along with a standard encoding to be used during transmission. The PL manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data structures (e.g., banking records), to be defined and exchanged. The Presentation Layer

33. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 33/35 The application layer contains a variety of application protocols that are commonly needed by users, such as: 1.Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 2.The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 3.The Electronic Mail Protocol 4.The Network News Protocol The HTTP is the basis for the World Wide Web. When a browser wants a Web page, it sends the name of the page it wants to the server using HTTP. The server then sends the page back. The Application Layer

34. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 34/35 Common Reference Model

35. Multimedia Networking - Introduction to Computer Network (Dr. Hussein Al-Bahadili) 35/35 Common Reference Model