1. Sustaining Wild Species G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 12 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 12 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Key Concepts  Human effects on biodiversity  Importance of biodiversity  How human activities affect wildlife  Management of wildlife

3. Human Impacts on Biodiversity Food supply and demand Freshwater supply and demand Forest product supply and demand Climate change Biodiversity loss Habitat change Changes in transpiration and albedo Loss of crop genetic diversity Reduced resistance to change Loss and fragmentation of habitat CO 2 emission Habitat change and fragmentation of habitat Changes in precipitation and temperature Water availability Water use and pollution and soil nutrient loss CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O emissions Erosion, pollution, and changes in water flow Loss and fragmentation of habitat Loss and fragmentation of habitat Deforestation Changes in water supply and temperature Changes in water supply and temperature Fig. 22.2, p. 551

4. Preserving Biodiversity Tori Haidinger Dr. Richard Clements

5. Increasing Biodiversity  Physically diverse habitat  Moderate environmental disturbance  Small variations in conditions  Middle stages of ecological succession

6. Decreasing Biodiversity  Environmental stress  Large environmental disturbance  Extreme environmental conditions  Severe limiting factors  Introduction of alien species  Geographic isolation

7. US Diversity 67% Secure or apparently secure 1% Other 16%Vulnerable 8%Imperiled 7%Criticallyimperiled 1% Probably extinct Fig. 22.4, p. 554

8. Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity  Species approach  Ecosystem approach The Species Approach The Ecosystem Approach Goal Protect species from premature extinction Strategies Identify endangered species Protect their critical habitats Tactics Legally protect endangered species Manage habitat Propagate endangered species in captivity Reintroduce species into suitable habitats Goal Protect populations of species in their natural habitats Strategy Preserve sufficient areas of habitats in different biomes and aquatic systems Tactics Protect habitat areas through private purchase or government action Eliminate or reduce populations of alien species from protected areas Manage protected areas to sustain native species Restore degraded ecosystems Fig. 22.5, p. 555

9. Species Extinction – 3 types  Local extinction  Ecological extinction  Biological extinction

10. Endangered and Threatened Species  Endangered species  Threatened (vulnerable) species  Rare species Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Gray wolfFlorida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Fig. 22.7a, p. 556

11. Fig. 11-3, p. 224 Grizzly bear Kirkland’s warbler Knowlton cactus Florida manatee African elephant Utah prairie dog Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin Siberian tiger

12. Fig. 11-3, p. 224 Hawksbill sea turtle Giant panda Black-footed ferret Whooping crane Northern spotted owl Blue whale Mountain gorilla Florida panther California condor Black rhinoceros

13. Extinction Risks  Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics  Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics  Minimum viable population  Minimum dynamic area –the smallest population size that is able to sustain the species –enough males and females –enough genetic diversity

14. Fig. 11-2, p. 223 Aepyornis (Madagascar) Passenger pigeonGreat aukDodoDusky seaside sparrow

15. Characteristics of extinction- prone species (refer to Fig. 22-8 p. 558) CharacteristicExamples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Specialized niche Narrow distribution Feeds at high trophic level Fixed migratory patterns Rare Commercially valuable Large territories Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles Many island species, African violet, some orchids Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther

16. Extinction Rates  Background (natural) rate of extinction  Mass extinction  Adaptive radiations Number of families of marine animals Geological Periods Millions of years ago Mass extinctions 800 600 400 200 0 570505438360286208144650 Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary Quaternary ? 4082452 Fig. 22.10, p. 558

17. How do we benefit from biodiversity? Food –up to 80,000 edible plants could be utilized –villagers in Indonesia use 4000 plant and animal species Drugs and Medicines –more than half of all prescriptions contain natural products –cancer fighting drugs –Merck pays Costa Rica $1 million for samples

18. How do we benefit from biodiversity? Ecological Benefits –interdependence of species –nutrient cycling –regulation of species (regulation of pests) Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits –recreation (hunting, fishing, camping) –getting out into the woods –ecotourism Intrinsic Value –species should be allowed to exist without having to provide a reason

19. Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?  Instrumental value  Intrinsic value See Spotlight p. 562 Value of Nature InstrumentalIntrinsic Utilitarian Nonutilitarian (human centered)(species or ecosystem centered) Goods Ecological services Information Option Recreation Existence Aesthetic Bequest Fig. 22.11, p. 561

20. What are the root causes of ? Population growth economic policies that do not support the environment high per capita resource use leading to degradation of the environment poverty

21. What are the direct causes of ? Habitat loss and fragmentation Hunting and poaching Overfishing Predator and pest control Capture and sale of exotic plants and animals Climate change and pollution Introduction of nonnative species

22. HABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION, AND FRAGMENTATION Reduction in ranges of four wildlife species, mostly due to habitat loss and overharvest. Figure 11-8

23. INVASIVE SPECIES Many nonnative species provide us with food, medicine, and other benefits but a a few can wipe out native species, disrupt ecosystems, and cause large economic losses. Kudzu vine was introduced in the southeastern U.S. to control erosion. It has taken over native species habitats. Figure 11-A

24. INVASIVE SPECIES Many invasive species have been introduced intentionally. Figure 11-11

25. INVASIVE SPECIES Many invasive species have been introduced unintentionally. Figure 11-11

26. INVASIVE SPECIES The Argentina fire ant was introduced to Mobile, Alabama in 1932 from South America. –Most probably from ships. –No natural predators. Figure 11-12

27. INVASIVE SPECIES Prevention is the best way to reduce threats from invasive species, because once they arrive it is almost impossible to slow their spread. Figure 11-13

28. POPULATION GROWTH, POLLUTION, AND CLIMATE CHANGE Population growth, affluenza, and pollution have promoted the premature extinction of some species. Projected climate change threatens a number of species with premature extinction.

29. Pollution Each year pesticides: –Kill about 1/5 th of the U.S. honeybee colonies. –67 million birds. –6 -14 million fish. –Threaten 1/5 th of the U.S.’s endangered and threatened species. Example of biomagnification of DDT in an aquatic food chain. Figure 11-15

30. OVEREXPLOITATION Some protected species are killed for their valuable parts or are sold live to collectors. Killing predators and pests that bother us or cause economic losses threatens some species with premature extinction. Legal and illegal trade in wildlife species used as pets or for decorative purposes threatens some species with extinction.

31. OVEREXPLOITATION Rhinoceros are often killed for their horns and sold illegally on the black market for decorative and medicinal purposes. Figure 11-16

32. Case Study: Rising Demand for Bushmeat in Africa Bushmeat hunting has caused the local extinction of many animals in West Africa. Can spread disease such as HIV/AIDS and ebola virus. Figure 11-17

33. Causes of Depletion of Wild Species  Human population growth  Failure to value the environment or ecological services  Increasing per capita resource use  Increasing use of Earth’s primary productivity  Poverty

34. Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species  Habitat degradation  Introduction of non-native species Refer to Table 22-1 p. 568; Connections p. 569; See Fig. 22-19 p. 570 Refer to Table 22-1 p. 568; Connections p. 569; See Fig. 22-19 p. 570 Overfishing Habitatloss Habitat degradation Introducingnonnativespecies Commercial hunting and poaching Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants Predator and pest control Pollution Climate change Basic Causes Population growthPopulation growth Rising resource useRising resource use No environmental accountingNo environmental accounting PovertyPoverty Fig. 22.13, p. 564

35. Solutions: Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction  Bioinformatics  International Treaties: CITESCITES  National Laws:Lacey Act Endangered Species Act Endangered Species Act  Habitat conservation plans  Wildlife refuges and protected areas  Zoos, botanical gardens, and gene banks

36. Regulations - International CITES - Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species –signed by 169 countries to date –prohibits the trade of live specimens or products of 900 species on list

37. Regulations - National Endangered Species Act of 1973 –illegal to import or trade in products of species unless used explicitly for science –federal government is responsible for management –the species on the list cannot be “taken” threatened, killed, harmed, habitat can’t be harmed –projects can not be developed which harm species –requires the development of a recovery plan how species can be improved and delisted –1200 species listed (4000 candidate species) Only 7 have been delisted

38. Wildlife Management  Laws regulating hunting and fishing  Harvest quotas  Population management plans  Improving habitat  Treaties and laws for migrating species