1. Rotation  The spinning of the earth on its axis  Takes 24 hours  Creates night & day

2. Revolution  The orbit of the earth around the sun  Takes 365 ¼ days  Creates the seasons

4. The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn The line of latitude at 23 ½ °S is called the Tropic of Capricorn–the southernmost latitude to receive the sun’s direct rays. The line of latitude at 23 ½ °N is called the Tropic of Cancer–the northernmost latitude on the earth to receive the sun’s direct rays.

5. EQUINOX  Direct rays of the sun are located on the EQUATOR  Days and nights are equal in length  Spring (Vernal) and Fall (Autumnal)  When it is Spring in the northern hemisphere it is Fall in the southern hemisphere (the opposite is also true)

6. Equinox means = daylight and night time hours are equal=Spring & Fall  Around March 21 st the sun’s rays shine directly on the Equator and marks the beginning of Spring in the Northern Hemisphere. This happens again to mark the first day of Fall on September 23 rd.

7. SOLSTICE  Direct rays of the sun are located on the TROPIC OF CANCER OR CAPRICORN  Days and nights are not equal in length – summer days are longer – winters nights are longer  Summer and Winter  When it is Winter in the northern hemisphere it is Summer in the southern hemisphere (the opposite is also true)

8. Summer Solstice -As the Earth continues it’s revolution around the Sun, it moves so that eventually the Sun’s rays directly strike the latitude 23 ½ degrees North. This is the Tropic of Cancer-These rays reach the Tropic of Cancer about June 21 st, bringing the longest day of sunlight. Winter Solstice - The sun’s rays are at 23 ½ degrees south the Tropic of Capricorn -December 22-The day of shortest daylight in the Northern Hemisphere- The First day of Winter

9. Polar Night  When the polar region is tilted away from the sun – the polar area receives 24 hours of darkness. When it is pointed toward the sun the area receives 24 hours of daylight.

10. Red – LOW LATITUDES 0 – 23 ½  North & South Tropics Hot and Humid Green – MID LATITUDES 23 ½ - 66 ½  North & South Temperate Mild THE MAJORITY OF THE WORLD’S PEOPLE LIVE IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE!! Blue – HIGH LATITUDES 66 ½ - 90  North & South Polar Cold and Dry

11. Weather - The daily condition of the atmosphere which includes temperature and precipitation. Precipitation - Moisture that falls from the sky. Precipitation has 4 forms: rain, snow, sleet, and hail. Climate - Average weather. Measured over an extended period of time (usually 30 years). http://www.mnh.si.edu/archives/garden/images/4seasons.gif

12. FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE (LACEMOPS) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/3 00px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg

13. L - LATITUDE The most important factor! The farther from the Equator - the colder and drier it becomes. Direct rays of the sun are always between the Tropics. Areas not in the tropics receive indirect sun rays.

14. Polar Night  When the polar region is tilted away from the sun – the polar area receives 24 hours of darkness.

15. A - AIR MASSES In the Northern Hemisphere, cold air from the Polar Regions comes from the north. Hot air from the tropics comes from the south, (opposite in the Southern Hemisphere). Mountains to the north of a city (in the Northern Hemisphere) could block the cold air from reaching the city.

16. C - CONTINENTALITY Water moderates climate. Water takes longer to heat and cool than land. Areas inland from the coast will be hotter in the summer and colder in the winter than areas with the same latitude on the coast. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://edc.usgs.gov/imagegallery/imageSrc/United%2520States- NED500.jpg&imgrefurl=http://edc.usgs.gov/imagegallery/imageDetail.php%3Fpage%3D18%26img%3DUnited%2BStates-NED%26id%3D2071%26col%3DStates%2B- %2BNED%2BShaded%2BRelief&h=353&w=500&sz=121&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=tsJBVC5mQRiZ6M:&tbnh=92&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dunited%2Bstates%2B%26svnum%3D10%26 um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLG%26sa%3DG

17. E - ELEVATION It gets colder as you go up a mountain. The formula for vertical climate is: Temperature decreases 3.5º F for every 1,000 feet increase in elevation (the opposite is also true). You can work out the temperature at the top of a tall mountain. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.savetibet.org/images/images/MountEverest.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.savetibet.org/news/new sitem.php%3Fid%3D1050&h=300&w=400&sz=22&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=ODjU- A29uyNbXM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmt%2Beverest%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rl s%3DGGLG,GGLG:2005-42,GGLG:en http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/0314-01.jpg

18. 3.5° (from formula) X 15 (how many thousands of feet the mountain is tall) 52.5° (how much colder at the top than the bottom) It is 75º at the base of a 15,000 ft. tall mountain. What is the temperature on top of the mountain? First, count the thousands… (15,000) 75° (temperature at bottom) - 52.5° (how much colder at the top) 22.5 ° (temperature at the top)  Answer Second, multiply that number by 3.5… Third, Subtract that number from the temperature at the base to get the answer…

19. Vertical Zonation in the Andes Mts.

20. M - MOUNTAIN BARRIERS Orographic effect: Wind containing moisture hits the windward side of a mountain (the side facing the wind). The moisture full clouds are too heavy to make it over the mountain so precipitation occurs, after the precipitation, the clouds have no moisture and are able to rise over the mountain. The side facing away from the wind is called the leeward side. The leeward side of a mountain is arid. The windward side has lush vegetation. The leeward side of a mountain is in the rain shadow and is usually a desert.

21. O - OCEAN CURRENTS Cold currents bring dry, cool air to the coastal areas. Warm currents bring warm, wet air to coastal areas. http://go.owu.edu/~jbkrygie/krygier_html/geog_111/geog_111_lo/geog_111_lo05_gr/3-16.jpg

22. General: El Niño episodes (left hand column) reflect periods of exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures across the eastern tropical Pacific. La Niña episodes (right hand column) represent periods of below-average sea-surface temperatures across the eastern tropical Pacific. These episodes typically last approximately 9-12 months. Sea-surface temperature (top) and departure (bottom) maps for December - February during strong El Niño and La Niña episodes are shown above.  A periodic reversal of the pattern of ocean currents and water temperatures in the mid-pacific regions.  Think about it - your farm is used to moist, warm air, and now it is getting cold, dry air…..

23. P - PRESSURE AND PREVAILING WINDS: Pressure- High pressure is heavy, cold air. Low pressure is warm, light air. Heat rises. There are some fairly constant air pressure systems. Notice that these lines are located at 0, 30, 60, 90 (not 0, 23 ½, 66 ½, and 90)

24. http://www.worldstats.org/general_world/maps/prevailing_winds_big.gif Prevailing Winds- The Equator is surrounded by an area of calm called the Doldrums (ITCZ). The Trade Winds (Tropical Easterlies) blow from east to west (generally warm and moist). They run from about 30º N/S toward the Equator. Between 30º N/S and 60º N/S are the Westerlies (Prevailing Westerlies). They blow from west to east. Because the Westerlies and Trade Winds are traveling away from each other there is an area of calm between them called the Horse Latitudes. The Polar Easterlies blow from 90º in an eastward direction toward the Westerlies. There are serious thunderstorms around the 60º latitude line where the two wind patterns collide Notice that these lines are located at 0, 30, 60, 90 (not 0, 23 ½, 66 ½, and 90)

25. S - STORMS Where the Polar Easterlies meet the Westerlies there are thunderstorms. When hot air masses and cold air masses collide - there are storms. Cyclonic storms (hurricanes, typhoons, etc.) in the Northern Hemisphere spin counter- clockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere cyclones spin clockwise. http://www.hurricane.com/hurricanes/hurricane-katrina/hurricane-katrina_files/image020.gif

26. Climograph- Indicates average temperature and precipitation for an area. Line graph = Temperature Bar Graph = Precipitation http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/A_D/climograph.html

27. Checking for Understanding __ 1.an imaginary line that runs through the center of the earth between the North and South Poles __ 2.the capacity of certain gases in the atmosphere to trap heat, thereby warming the earth __ 3.in astronomy, the earth’s yearly trip around the sun, taking 365 ¼ days __ 4.weather patterns typical for an area over a long period of time A.weather B.climate C.axis D.temperature E.revolution F.equinox G.solstice H.greenhouse effect I.global warming Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. C H E B

28. Checking for Understanding __ 5.condition of the atmosphere in one place during a short period of time __ 6.one of two days (about June 21 and December 22) on which the sun’s rays strike directly on the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn, marking the beginning of summer or winter __ 7.gradual warming of the earth and its atmosphere that may be caused in part by pollution and an increase in the greenhouse effect Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. A.weather B.climate C.axis D.temperature E.revolution F.equinox G.solstice H.greenhouse effect I.global warming A G I

29. Checking for Understanding __ 8.one of two days (about March 21 and September 23) on which the sun is directly above the Equator, making day and night equal in length __ 9.degree of hotness or coldness measured on a set scale, such as Fahrenheit or Celsius Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. A.weather B.climate C.axis D.temperature E.revolution F.equinox G.solstice H.greenhouse effect I.global warming F D