2. Section 1-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

3. Section 1-6 Human Characteristics Southeast Asia’s 520 million people include descendants of indigenous peoples, Indians, Chinese, Arabs, and European colonists. (pages 735–737)

4. Section 1-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Human Characteristics (cont.) (pages 735–737) Indigenous Peoples Many Southeast Asians are descended from migrants who came to the region from China and Tibet about 2,500 years ago.  Khmers and Mons settled on the Southeast Asian mainland.  The Malays moved into the Malay Peninsula and the islands that today form Indonesia.

5. Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Human Characteristics (cont.) (pages 735–737) Indian and Chinese Influences Outsiders came to the region to trade for spices.  Beginning in the A.D. 100s, Indian traders introduced Hinduism and Buddhism.  The Chinese ruled Vietnam for a thousand years and had a strong cultural influence there.  The region today is home to many Chinese and Indian ethnic communities.

6. Section 1-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Human Characteristics (cont.) (pages 735–737) Islamic Influence In the A.D. 800s, Muslim traders arrived in Southeast Asia, setting up trade routes and introducing Islam to the region.  Today, Muslims live in most Southeast Asian countries, forming the majority of the population in Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

7. Section 1-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Human Characteristics (cont.) (pages 735–737) Western Colonization European explorers seeking spices and other rich resources arrived in Southeast Asia in the 1400s and 1500s.  Their voyages eventually brought nearly all of the region, except for Thailand, under European control.

8. Section 1-12 Why do you think so many foreigners were attracted to Southeast Asia? Southeast Asia is very rich in spices and other natural resources. Traders and settlers could become wealthy from the spice trade. The beauty of the region and its tropical climate would also have attracted outsiders. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Human Characteristics (cont.) (pages 735–737)

9. Section 1-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Population Density Indonesia’s 212 million people live on more than 13,500 scattered islands; the overall population density is 286 people per square mile (110 people per sq. km).  Population Growth (cont.) Singapore, the region’s smallest country in land area, has the greatest population density–17,320 people per square mile (6,687 people per sq. km). (pages 737)

10. Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Population Growth Rates Southeast Asia’s population is growing at a rate faster than the world average.  Some countries have worked to slow their population growth; Singapore succeeded so well that it is now encouraging people to have more children. Population Growth (cont.) (pages 737)

11. Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Cambodia: Population Decline Between 1975 and 1979, Cambodia lost 38 percent of its people as a result of harsh rule by the Khmer Rouge communist government.  Many people died as a result of starvation, torture, and executions. Population Growth (cont.) (pages 737)

12. Section 1-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Movement to the Cities Southeast Asia has experienced a major population shift as large numbers of people move from rural villages to urban areas.  (pages 737–738) As in many other local regions, public services have not kept up with urban growth.

13. Section 1-19 Some Southeast Asian countries have primate cities which lead all other cities in attracting people, resources, and commerce.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Bangkok, Thailand, and Jakarta, Indonesia, are examples of primate cities. (pages 737–738) Movement to the Cities (cont.)

14. Section 1-20 Thailand’s government has offered people financial incentives to leave overcrowded Bangkok and return to rural areas.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Indonesian government has relocated 3 million people to the country’s less densely populated outer islands. (pages 737–738) Movement to the Cities (cont.)

15. Section 1-21 Outward Migrations Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. From the 1970s to the 1990s, thousands of people left Southeast Asia to escape economic distress and political oppression.  (pages 738–739) Many of those Southeast Asian migrants came to the United States.  One effect of these outward migrations is that Southeast Asian countries have lost many skilled and educated workers.

16. Section 1-22 Compare urban growth in Southeast Asia with that in other global regions that you have studied. Possible answer: Growing cities throughout the world face the challenges of overcrowding, lack of certain public services, and air and water pollution. Urban areas have grown at the expense of rural areas, either by expansion or by the pull they exert on rural dwellers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Outward Migrations (cont.) (pages 738–739)

17. Section 2-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

18. Section 2-6 Early Civilizations Early people in Southeast Asia were rice farmers.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 740–741) Artisans skilled in metalwork were casting bronze in 3000 B.C., nearly 1,000 years before the Chinese developed the skill.  Early Southeast Asian societies were matriarchal, and people worshiped ancestors and animal and nature spirits.

19. Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Kingdoms and Empires Maritime civilizations gained power by controlling shipping and trade. Land-based empires gained wealth from crops grown in fertile soil.  (pages 741–743) Funan Influenced by Indian traders during the A.D. 100s, people of Funan adopted Hinduism and Indian forms of government.  They excelled in farming and metalworking, and traded with surrounding areas.

20. Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Khmer In the 1100s and 1200s, the Khmer set up an empire along the Mekong River that eventually covered most of the Indochina Peninsula.  Kingdoms and Empires (cont.) The Khmer were skilled in irrigation and grew four rice crops each year.  They are also noted for their magnificent architecture, especially the temple of Angkor Wat, which features elements of Indian and local styles. (pages 741–743)

21. Section 2-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Srivijaya Empire Based on Sumatra, the Srivijaya Empire from A.D. 600 to 1300 controlled Southeast Asian seas, especially the Strait of Malacca and the Sunda Straits.  Today, Singapore owes its prosperity to these same trade routes. Kingdoms and Empires (cont.) (pages 741–743)

22. Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Vietnam The Vietnamese people fought off Chinese invaders until 111 B.C., when the Chinese finally conquered them.  The Chinese continued to rule the Vietnamese for about 1,000 years. Kingdoms and Empires (cont.) (pages 741–743)

23. Section 2-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Islam Beginning in the 800s, Muslim Arab merchants and missionaries converted many coastal Southeast Asians to Islam.  In the 1400s, Islam spread throughout the Malay Peninsula and nearby islands.  Malacca, on the Malay Peninsula, became an important center for Islamic culture. Kingdoms and Empires (cont.) (pages 741–743)

24. Section 2-13 Kingdoms and Empires (cont.) (pages 741–743) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

25. Section 2-16 Western Colonization (cont.) (pages 743) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Western Holdings The Netherlands controlled most of the islands that today make up Indonesia.  Great Britain ruled Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei.  France governed territories in Indochina that later became Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos.  The United States won control of the Philippines from Spain in 1898.

26. Section 2-17 Effects of Western Rule Westerners established rail systems, improved harbors, and built paved roads in Southeast Asia.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. They expanded mining and set up large commercial plantations.  Little of the resulting wealth benefited Southeast Asians.  Immigrants from China and India came to work in Western-owned mines, businesses, and farms. Western Colonization (cont.) (pages 743)

27. Section 2-19 Struggle for Freedom During World War II, Japan forced Western countries out of Southeast Asia. After Japan’s defeat in 1945, Westerners tried to regain control. By 1965, anti- colonial struggles had brought independence to the region’s lands. (pages 743–745)

28. Section 2-20 Regional Conflicts  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Struggle for Freedom (cont.) (pages 743–745) -After independence, political conflicts and wars engulfed Southeast Asia.  -In 1954, communist forces defeated the French in Vietnam, which then divided into communist and non-communist areas.  -In the 1960s and 1970s, the United States intervened in Southeast Asian conflicts to halt the spread of communism in the region.  -By the mid-1970s, all of Vietnam was under communist rule.  -Conflict between ethnic Malays and Chinese and Indian communities led to violence in 1969.

29. Section 2-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Struggle for Freedom (cont.) (pages 743–745) -The government has since worked to promote equal civil rights, and Malaysia now is more tolerant and unified.  -Ethnic and religious groups within countries have tried to establish independent states.  -After 20 years of fierce struggle and much loss of life, Roman Catholic East Timor broke away from Muslim Indonesia in 1999.  -After a short period of UN control, East Timor became independent in 2002.  -Terrorist groups based in Southeast Asia have carried out attacks against Westerners in the region.

30. Section 2-23 Forms of Government Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore are democratic republics.  (pages 745) In 1998, Indonesia moved toward democracy after years of dictatorship.  The military government in Myanmar has tried to crush the opposition that wants to bring democracy to the country.

31. Section 2-24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Brunei, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand are constitutional monarchies.  Forms of Government (cont.) Laos and Vietnam have communist governments. (pages 745)

32. Section 2-25 Forms of Government (cont.) (pages 745) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.