1. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT YAHNER CHAP 05

3. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FOREST SUCCESSION –REGROWTH OF A FOREST UNAIDED BY ARTIFICIAL SEEDING, PLANTING OF SEEDLINGS, OR OTHER HUMAN ACTIVITIES FOLLOWING A NATURAL OR HUMAN INDUCED DISTURBANCE –THE CHANGE OF ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES IS PREDICTABLE OVER TIME –http://www.env.duke.edu/forest/forest/succession.htmhttp://www.env.duke.edu/forest/forest/succession.htm

4. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FOREST SUCCESSION –PLANT SUCCESSION THE FIRST PLANTS TO OCCUPY A DISTURBED AREA ARE PIONEER SPECIES THESE ARE SHADE INTOLERANT AND SHORT-LIVED PIONEER SPECIES INCLUDE: –JACK PINE, ASPEN, GRASSES, FORBS »http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forb

5. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FOREST SUCCESSION –PLANT SUCCESSION PIONEER SPECIES ARE REPLACED WITH LONGER-LIVED, MORE COMPETITIVE, AND SHADE TOLERANT SPECIES EXAMPLES: –MAPLE, BEECH, HEMLOCK

6. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FOREST SUCCESSION –PLANT SUCCESSION BENEATH THE CANOPY OF THE TOLERANT SPECIES ARE GAP-PHASE SPECIES THAT OBTAIN CANOPY HEIGHT WHEN A DISTURBANCE OCCURS –EXAMPLES ARE BLACK CHERRY, WHITE AND RED OAK, WHITE PINE

7. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FOREST SUCCESSION –PLANT SUCCESSION STAGES OF FOREST TREE SUCCESSION –SEEDLING –SAPLING –POLE –MATURE –OLD GROWTH

8. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FOREST SUCCESSION –PLANT SUCCESSION PIONEERS –ASPEN, TULIP POPLAR, BLACK CHERRY REPLACED BY –W OAK, R OAK, YELLOW BIRCH REPLACED BY –R MAPLE, SUGAR MAPLE, BEECH

9. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FOREST SUCCESSION –PLANT SUCCESSION PRIMARY SUCCESSION –FOLLOWS A CATASTROPHE, THE SITE HAS NO SOIL, PLANTS OR ANIMALS –A VOLCANIC ERUPTION SECONDARY SUCCESSION –FOLLOWS A LESS SEVERE DISTURBANCE OF A FOREST, A DISRUPTION –A FIRE, HARVESTING, HURRICANE

10. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FOREST SUCCESSION –ANIMAL SUCCESSION AS THE PLANT HABITAT CHANGES, ANIMALS OCCUPY NEW HABITATS MIDSUCCESSION –YELLOWTHROATS,COTTONTAIL –WHITE-TAILED DEER MATURE FOREST –TANAGER, FLYING SQUIRREL, BLACK BEAR

12. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FOREST SUCCESSION –ANIMAL SUCCESSION FOREST MANAGERS NEED TO KNOW STAGES OF SUCCESSION FOREST MANIPULATIONS SHOULD BE SCHEDULED TO MAINTAIN HABITAT THE GOALS OF THE OWNER MUST BE EVIDENT IN MANAGEMENT PLANS

13. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –PREVALENCE OF FIRES NATURAL FIRES ARE UNPLANNED AND HAVE BEEN A PART OF NATURE ESTIMATES THAT FIRES OCCURRED EVERY 50 TO 100 Y IN MN, NH 150 TO 300 Y FIRE WAS A TOOL IN CLEARING FORESTS BY SETTLERS 20th CENT FIRES WERE REDUCED

14. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –PREVALENCE OF FIRES TODAY EDF NATRUAL FIRES OCCUR 100-400 YEARS –26% SET –19% SMOKING –18% DEBRIS BURNING –09% LIGHTNING ~6,000 / Y DURING 1960s –08% MACHINE USE –06% CAMPFIRE

15. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –PREVALENCE OF FIRES RECALL –YELLOWSTONE 1988 –SOUTHERN CA 1993 –SUMMER 2002 NM,WA,CA –SUMMER 2009 CA TWO TYPES –CROWN FIRES- BURN LARGE TREES –GROUND FIRES- FOREST FLOOR DEBRIS

16. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –EFFECTS OF FIRES ON PLANTS ENHANCES GERMINATION OF SOME SPECIES A THICK BARK PROTECTS TREES 64 C IS LETHAL TO PLANT TISSUE http://www.nifc.gov/fire_info/nfn.htm

17. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –EFFECTS OF FIRES ON PLANTS FIRE AIDS ASPEN ROOT SUCKERS OAKS –THICK BARK AIDS FIRE RESISTANCE –ACORNS ARE STIMULATED TO GERMINATE –YOUNG TREES SPROUT FOLLOWING FIRE –DELAYS THE TRANSITION TO MAPLE FOREST –LACK OF FIRE MAY RESULT IN OAK DECLINE

18. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –EFFECTS OF FIRES ON PLANTS FIRE BENEFITS –WHITE, JACK, RED, PITCH PINES IN NORTHEAST –LOBLOLLY, SHORTLEAF, JACK, SLASH PINES IN THE SOUTHEAST –SEROTINOUS CONE = A CONE CLOSED AT MATURITY AND OPENS WITH AN > IN TEMP –FIRE AS A SILVICAL TOOL - USED ENHANCE GERMINATION OF DORMANT SEED

19. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –EFFECTS OF FIRES ON ANIMALS ANIMALS HAVE LITTLE PROTECTION SUFFOCATION OCCURS DURING WILDFIRES SMALL ANIMALS HAVE HIGH MORTALITY LARGER ANIMALS MAY MOVE AWAY SURVIVORS FACE EXPOSURE TO PREDATORS

20. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –EFFECTS OF FIRES ON ANIMALS BURROWING ANIMALS HAVE AN ADVANTAGE AMPHIBIANS MAY SURVIVE - IF IN MUD OR AMONG ROOTS OR UNDER ROCKS BIRDS AND LARGE ANIMALS ARE MOBILE –NEST SITES ARE AFFECTED –FOOD OPTIONS NEED TO BE EXERCISED

21. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –INDIRECT EFFECTS OF FIRES SEVERE FIRE AFFECTS THE SOIL –EROSION –RUNOFF –STREAM SEDIMENT > –STREAM AND POND LIFE IS AFFECTED –WATER TEMP MAY > WITH LESS SHADE

22. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –INDIRECT EFFECTS OF FIRES LOW INTENSITY FIRES –RELEASE & CYCLE NUTRIENTS »FROM DEAD WOOD »LEAF LITTER »PLANT MATERIAL –BIOMASS ON THE FOREST FLOOR IS REDUCED –PERIODIC FIRE FORESTALLS MORE SEVERE FIRES

23. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –INDIRECT EFFECTS OF FIRES CANOPY LOSS –MORE SUNLIGHT REACHES THE FOREST FLOOR –HERBS AND SHRUBS RESPOND –HABITAT IS IMPROVED FOR HERBIVORES –HARE, DEER, BEAR ARE FAVORED

24. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –INDIRECT EFFECTS OF FIRES PRESCRIBED BURN –PREPARES THE SEEDBED, EXPOSES MINERAL SOIL –EFFECTIVE IN GROUSE MANAGEMENT BOBWHITE LARGE ANIMAL –http://www.tncfire.org/http://www.tncfire.org/ –http://www.savethepinebush.org/http://www.savethepinebush.org/ –http://www.nantucketconservation.com/page.php?section= 2&page=prescribed_burninghttp://www.nantucketconservation.com/page.php?section= 2&page=prescribed_burning

25. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT FIRE AND SUCCESSION –FOREST FIRE POLICIES –FIRE WAS NATURAL IN PRESETTLEMENT N.A. –Has Smokey the Bear been influential? –1920-1972 USFS & NPS FIRES WERE PUT OUT –1972- THE LET BURN POLICY –1988 NEARLY HALF OF YNP BURNED –1995 A NEW POLICY RECOGNISED THE ROLE OF FIRE IN FOREST PRACTICE »MAINTAINING ECOSYSTEMS »EDUCATION ON FIRE USE

26. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR WILDLIFE FOR WATERSHEDS FOR RECREATIONAL OPTIONS http://www.epa.gov/nps/MMGI/Chapter3/ch3- 2e.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/nps/MMGI/Chapter3/ch3- 2e.html

27. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT –SELECTIVE CUT –MAINTAINS A HETEROGENEOUS FOREST –BENEFITS WILDLIFE –http://www.mass.gov/dcr/stewardship/forestry/service/cut prac.htmhttp://www.mass.gov/dcr/stewardship/forestry/service/cut prac.htm –http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/5240.htmlhttp://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/5240.html

28. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES EVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT –TREES THE SAME AGE AND SIZE –AIM IS ARTIFICIAL OR NATURAL REGENERATION –ROTATION= TIME FOR A GENERATION »20-30 Y FOR PULP OR PLYWOOD »75 Y FOR QUALITY LUMBER

29. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –SELECTIVE CUTTING METHOD SINGLE TREE –BENEFITS MAPLE, BEECH, HEMLOCK –ONLY SMALL OPENINGS ARE MADE –ALLOWS SPROUTS AND SEEDLINGS TO GROW

31. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –SELECTIVE CUTTING METHOD GROUP TREE –LARGER OPENINGS RESULT –FAVORS BLACK CHERRY, TULIP TREE, W ASH SINGLE OR GROUP –GOOD FOR SMALL WOODLOTS –GOOD FOR WILDLIFE, ESP SONGBIRDS

32. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –SELECTIVE CUTTING METHOD MANAGED FORESTS –WARBLERS, FLY-CATCHER, VERIO NON-MANAGED FORESTS –WOOD THRUSH, OVENBIRD, WORM EATING WARBLER

33. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –CLEAR CUTTING METHOD REMOVAL OF ALL TREES TO PROD A NEW STAND OF THE SAME AGE AND SIZE 2/3 OF THE ANNUAL HARVEST IS CLEAR CUT 1/3 THE HARVEST ON NAT FOR DEF: AN AREA AT LEAST 1 ha IN SIZE

36. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –CLEAR CUTTING METHOD THE REMAINING SLASH IS BURNED ASH NUTRIENTS ARE RECYCLED GOOD FOR BIRCH, RED MAPLE, BLACK CHERRY, W ASH, W PINE, TULIP POPLAR, HICKORY, OAKS, ASPENS USE AFTER DISEASE, INSECT, WIND

37. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –CLEAR CUTTING METHOD –GOOD IF SEEDLINGS ARE PRESENT PRIOR TO A HARVEST –W/O SEEDLINGS REGENERATION REQUIRES MORE TIME –DAMAGE TO SOIL MAY OCCUR –SIZE & SHAPE OF CUT IS IMPORTANT –SIZE & AGE OF CUT IMPACTS WILDLIFE

38. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –CLEAR CUTTING METHOD FAVOR –SPARROW, YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Yellow- breasted_Chat.html http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Yellow- breasted_Chat.html NEGATIVE IMPACT –OVENBIRD, WOODPECKER, VIREOS < 10 ha FAVORS SONGBIRDS

39. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –CLEAR CUTTING METHOD TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS –FEW IN YOUNG FORESTS <10 Y –MORE IN OLDER FORESTS >50 Y –LIMIT HARVEST DURING BREEDING SEASON –70% FEWER SALAMANDERS IN A CLEAR CUTS COMPARED TO OLDER STANDS (TREES > 70 Y)

40. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –SHELTERWOOD METHOD CUTTINGS EXTEND OVER A PERIOD OF 10 Y –CUT 1, 30-50% MATURE TREES –CUT 2, WHEN SEEDLINGS ARE ESTAB, 25% –CUT 3, REMAINING MATURE TREES USED IN THE EDF, FAVORS OAKS COST IS HIGHER THAN CLEAR-CUT

41. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –SEED TREE METHOD –LEAVES MATURE TREES AS A SEED SOURCE, WHILE MOST OTHER TREES ARE HARVESTED –LEAVE 5-10 TREES PER ha –ONCE REGENERATION OCCURS, SEED TREES ARE HARVESTED –GOOD FOR S PINE

43. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –ALTERNATE METHODS –15 TO 20 TREES PER haOAKS / GROUSE –12 TREES/SHRUBS PER ha DIVERSITY / AESTHETICS –TWO AGE CUTTING LEAVE 30-50 / ha »GOOD FOR REGENERATION »GOOD FOR WILDLIFE »USED FOR QUALITY HARDWOOD

45. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –THINNING –SELECTED TREE HARVESTING PRIOR TO A TIMBER HARVEST –MAY VARY FROM 10-50% –USEABLE TIMBER= COMMERCIAL THINNING –UNUSEABLE TIMBER = SALVAGE CUT

46. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT TIMBER HARVESTING AND SUCCESSION –THINNING –REMOVE OVERMATURE TREES »FAVORS HOODED WARBLERS & CARDINALS –RETAIN DEAD TREES »PROVIDES FOR FORAGING »HOMESITES

47. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND CONTROVERSIES 1950s ‘MULTIPLE-USE’ –FORESTRY AND RECREATION 1980s ‘NEW FORESTRY’ –ENHANCE BIODIVERSITY 1990s HOLISTIC VIEW –AESTHETICS

48. FOREST SUCCESSION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND CONTROVERSIES THE CLEAR-CUT REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL –PRO –CON http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/forestry/clrcut.htm http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/fcut.asp