1. Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Acid-base reactions: octanoic acid + NaOH Na + + H 2 O sodium octanoate + water insoluble in H 2 O soluble H-bondingLDF ion dipole

2. Reactions Reduction: 1 2 3 45 6 hexanoic acid5-oxo LiAlH 4 hexanediol 1,5- H 2 / Pt NaBH 4 hexanoic acid5-hydroxy

3. Reactions nucleophilic substitution carboxylic acid + alcohol H+H+ + H 2 O ester condensation reaction reverse =hydrolysis ester+ H 2 O H+H+ carboxylic acid + alcohol

4. Esters from acid from alcohol name = alkyl group from alcohol (yl) acid name changed to “oate” methylbutanoate apple pentyl butanoate peaches

5. Esters H-bond acceptors O no H-bond donor low b.p. dipole-dipole interactions water soluble O

6. Carboxylic acids nucleophilic substitution carboxylic acid + amine activator + H 2 O amide condensation reaction carboxylic acid +amine amide + H 2 O hydrolysis reaction amide + H 2 O carboxylic acid +amine..

7. Amines organic analogs of ammonia ammonia1 o amine2 o amine3 o amine all have H-bond acceptor N-N- 1 o and 2 o have H-bond donor H+H+ high b.p. liquid at room T gas at room T electronegativity O N >

8. Amines nomenclature 1. Name and alphabetize R groups and add “amine” methylamine 1o1o methylamineethyl2o2o 3o3o dimethylamineethyllow b.p.

9. Amines + H 2 O + OH - K b = [R-NH 3 + ][OH - ] [R-NH 2 ] smaller K b weaker base weak bases

10. Amines nucleophilic substitution carboxylic acid1 o amine +H2O+H2O amide 2 o amine +H 2 O amide 3 o amine no reaction + Condensation reaction activator

11. Amides C-OC-O and C-Ndouble bond character molecule is flat and rigid no rotation about C-O or C-N bonds structure of proteins very high b.p.