1. Dr Nelson Clarke 24 th April 2012 Distress vs. Disorder Mental Health and Psycho-social support in Disasters in the Caribbean

2. The Caribbean A conglomerate of island states Share many similarities, similar histories, development problems, reliant on tourism Many differences between and within states, ethnicity, language, religion, culture Colourful, musical, laidback, fun-loving, (Carnival, Junkanoo, Fete) Deficiencies in infra-structure Significant poverty, pockets of wealth within countries Widespread belief in the occult, mystical beliefs Mystical beliefs about mental illness is widely prevalent Many myths exist regarding the causes, treatment and possibility of recovery

3. Only 10% of people experience significant symptoms Although disasters have been associated with the development of psychological symptoms, few people end up with mental illness as a direct consequence Psychological Reactions to the disaster, on the other hand are common and should be expected.

4. Anxiety is common Most people experience anxiety during and after a disaster It usually resolves over time No specific treatment is required In some individuals somatic complaints may be predominant

5. Common reactions of adults during the impact and immediate post disaster period Feeling dazed or numb Feeling shocked Shaking and trembling Feeling anxious and fearful Feeling vulnerable and unsafe Feeling easily upset Being emotional, crying, Irritability Anger Feeling detached/its unreal/ it’s a dream Recklessness and unnecessary risk taking

6. The Acute Reactions to Stress These are very common Usually recede over a few weeks After a month there is appreciable improvement They may serve an adaptive function They do not need “treatment” Support by family, friends, others in the community is sufficient to help Not good to medicalize these reactions

7. Most severe Psychological Reactions eventually improve over time Disasters may result in widespread psychological distress Severity of reactions may relate to perceived losses or possibility of further risk Avoid premature labeling of persons Support within the community is very important in assisting people in handling their reactions to a disaster People still experiencing severe reactions after a month with no appreciable improvement need to be carefully evaluated

8. Stigma against those with mental health problems is still an issue People experiencing significant mental health problems may experience ridicule, persecution, exclusion It might be difficult for them to accept that they need help, given the risk of ridicule and stigma Stigma against the mentally ill is widespread

9. Clues to Identifying severe mental disorders Inability to self care Inability to look after one’s children or dependents Presence of delusions Hallucinations Threats to harm self Attempts to harm self Compulsive use of mind altering drugs Expressions of violent intent, threats made to others Actual violent behaviour

10. Individuals of all ages are likely to experience psychological reactions to a disaster or traumatic event The emphasis most often is on the adult population Some groups are forgotten, the elderly, the young, those with physical and sensory impairments, People with pre-disaster mental illness are often forgotten in the confusion that occurs after a disaster

11. Mental Disorders should be diagnosed using specific diagnostic criteria Depressive Illness Bipolar Illness Anxiety Disorders (Phobias, Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, OCD, PTSD) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Substance Dependence Disorders ( Alcohol, Cannabis, Benzodiazepines e.g. Ativan, Valium) Psychotic Illness (Psychosis)

12. When Disorder is suspected Evaluation should be carried out in the primary care setting Strongly recommended that specific criteria are used to diagnose disorders/illnesses WHO-mhGAP strategies are helpful and can be utilized by primary care health personnel in managing persons diagnosed with mental health disorders

13. Mental Distress or Mental Disorders? Distress Common A response to environmental challenges May be adaptive – drives personal and community responses Usually short term and– does not significantly impair functioning for long Should not be “diagnosed” Usually does not require professional intervention – no therapy, no medications Usually responds well to “usual” personal and community supports and positive lifestyle activities Encouragement to rapidly return to “usual” activities Disorders Less common Frequently onsets without environmental challenges Frequently long term (may be chronic and episodic) – significant functional impairment Must meet recognized diagnostic criteria (ICD; DSM) Frequently requires professional intervention – many different types Usually responds well to evidence based treatments Usually helped by appropriate supports and positive lifestyle activities The 2 D’s

14. Summary Disasters often result in widespread reactions of anxiety, depressed mood and hightened vigilence Most people recover without developing a mental illness. Most people are helped by friends/ family support Psychological First Aid should be available for everyone Care should be taken not to overdiagnose/estimate mental illness developing after a disaster After a month most persons are very aware of their progress If people are not improving then, an evaluation by a competent primary healthcare worker is needed

15. Summary Forgotten people, the homeless, elderly, children, immigrant populations, persons who have pre-existing mental illness (those in the community and in mental hospital) are often overlooked When mental illness is suspected specific criteria need to be utilized in diagnosing the disorder Treatment in the primary care setting is best, and health care personnel may use the strategies in mhGAP to assist in managing identified disorders.