1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images Any rental, lease or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-131-73180-7

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What is Psychological Disorder? Psychopathology – Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals Synonymous terms include: Mental illness Mental disorder Psychological disorder

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What is Psychological Disorder? Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder Hallucinations Delusions Severe affective disturbances

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 DistressMaladaptiveness IrrationalityUnpredictability Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Indicators of Abnormality Other signs of a disorder are more subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily on clinical judgment

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder: The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Biopsychology of Mental Disorder Although most psychologists have reservations about the medical model, the do not deny the influence of biology on thought and behavior

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 How are Psychological Disorders Classified? The most widely used system, found in the DSM-V, classifies disorders by their mental and behavioral symptoms

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Overview of DSM-IV Classification System DSM-V – Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United States Neurotic disorder or neurosis Psychotic disorder or psychosis In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look at the entire person, not just their “abnormal” behavior

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Mood Disorders Major depression – Form of depression that does not alternate with mania Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) – Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight Bipolar disorder – Mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Anxiety Disorders Phobias– A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder – Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Somatoform Disorders Glove Anesthesia

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Disorders

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Schizophrenic Disorders Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry Diathesis-stress hypothesis – Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality Disorders Personality disorders – Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality Disorders Narcissistic personality disorder – Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality Disorders Antisocial personality disorder – Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality Disorders Borderline personality disorder – An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Mild depression Physical complaints Marital problems Academic problems Parent-child problems BereavementMalingering Job problems

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Plea of Insanity Insanity – A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 End of Chapter 12