1. MINERALS 1.D 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.D 12.A 13.D 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.D ROCKS 1.D 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.B 12.A 13.C 14.D 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.A 23.C

2. Here’s Your Earth Science SOL Breakdown... what you’re going to face on May 23rd, 2012 Geology … 60 Total Questions 10 Field Questions … will not count for or against you … just there to shake your confidence!!! 21 Questions Oceanography, Meteorology & Groundwater … 10 Questions Astronomy … 9 Questions Scientific Investigation … Charts, Graphs, Pictures, usually the answer is right in front of you… These are the ones you can’t afford to miss! 10 Questions 50 Questions that count!

3. SOL REVIEW….MINERALS & ROCKS Read each fact carefully and then be prepared to answer the questions that follow NO TALKING GIVE THIS YOUR TOTAL ATTENTION HERE WE GO

4. MINERALS naturally occurring Definition: inorganic a solid substance with a definite chemical composition Minerals are identified by their physical properties: Hardness ColorLuster Streak- color of powdered mineral Cleavage Calcite… fizzes with HCL Sulfur… Smells bad Like Galena Pyrite…aka Fool’s gold Gemstones The 2 most abundant minerals on Earth are quartz & feldspar SPECIAL PROPERTIES: Magnetite is magnetic Calcite shows double refraction The 2 most common elements in the crust are silicon and oxygen Specific Gravity… density of a mineral Arrangement of atoms will determine hardness & cleavage of a mineral Know how to read Moh’s Hardness Scale Metallic Native Element…made of only 1 element ex. copper Uses of Minerals : Quartz - glass Gypsum - drywall Limestone - concrete Nonmetallic or

5. Can you answer these questions? A mineral’s crystal shape and cleavage are a direct result of the mineral’s hardnessabundance in nature arrangement of atomsexposure to water and air Which 2 elements listed below are most abundant by weight in the Earth’s crust? hydrogen and iron oxygen and magnesium hydrogen and calcium silicon and oxygen Moh’s scale arranges minerals according to their Resistance to breaking Resistance to scratching Specific heat Specific gravity Gemstones like ruby and sapphire are valuable due to their color and hardness. These gemstones would most likely be located on Moh’s scale at the hardness level of 13 49

6. Can you answer these questions? Which statement is best supported by the data shown? An iron nail contains fluorite A streak plate is composed of quartz Topaz is harder than a steel file Apatite is softer than a copper penny Which conclusion can be made based on the information in the chart? Quartz is harder than topaz Calcite is harder than apatite Fluorite is harder than feldspar Gypsum is harder than talc

7. Can you answer these questions? The mineral mica breaks evenly along flat sheet mainly because of its Chemical compositionHardness Atomic arrangement Density Which mineral bubbles when acid is placed on it? galenahalitecalcitesulfur The original shape of mineral sample A was altered when it was hit with a rock hammer. Which physical property caused the mineral to break as it did? hardness luster cleavage streak

8. Can you answer these questions? Which mineral is used to make drywall board? Which mineral in the form of sand can be used to make glass? QuartzCalciteGypsumPyrite GypsumDiamond CalciteQuartz Which mineral is used to make powders like baby powder? GalenaGypsum TalcCalcite Which of the following minerals is NOT an ore? MagnetiteHematite GraphiteQuartz Which mineral is used in your pencils? Pyrite GraphiteFluoriteCopper Virginia’s Valley and Ridge province features Karst topography. This results from limestone dissolving. Limestone is formed from what mineral? Gypsum CalciteFluoriteSulfur

9. Igneous Rocks Cools Outside the Earth Extrusive Cools Inside the Earth Intrusive Has small grains or is called fine grained…example is basalt When it cools fastest it will have a glassy texture …like Obsidian Cools quick enough to trap air bubbles …like pumice that floats on water Has large gains or is called coarse grained Cools fastCools slowly An example is granite Identified by TEXTURE which is rate of cooling Formed by molten material (magma or lava) cooling

10. Sedimentary Rocks Are formed by weathered and eroded bits of other rocks that get cemented and compacted together Key Sedimentary Rock Words include: weathering & erosion layers or strata oceans & deposition cemented & compacted Examples of Sedimentary Rocks Sandstone Shale Limestone …fizzes With HCL acid This is the only rock group that usually contains FOSSILS An organic sedimentary rock (formed from something once living) is COAL

11. Metamorphic Rocks Formed by heat and pressure Are divided into 2 groups: Foliated Nonfoliated Means banded or striped No layers or bands An example is Gneiss Another example is Slate An example is Marble Another example is Quartzite Key Word: Recrystallization… means to soften and then harden again (like butter) Composition and texture determine how a rock was formed The Rock Cycle: the process where one type of rock changes into another type of rock

12. Which group do the following rocks belong in? Sedimentary IgneousMetamorphic pumice shale obsidian gneiss basaltsandstone marble granite conglomerate limestoneslate schist quartzite

13. Can you answer these questions correctly? Which characteristic is most common in sedimentary rocks? foliation layering intergrown crystals glassy texture Which graph best shows the relationship between the size of the crystals in an igneous rock and the length of time it has taken the rock to solidify? Metamorphic rocks result from the erosion of rocksrecrystallization of rocks cooling and solidification of molten magma compression and cementation of soil particles

14. Can you answer the following questions? The diagram below represents a rock with a distorted layer structure. The distorted structure of this rock is most likely the result of A long period of weathering Glacial activity Wind erosion Extreme pressure A fine-grained igneous rock was probably formed by Weathering and erosion Great heat and pressure that did not produce melting Rapid cooling of molten material Burial and cementation of sediment Is this rock foliated or nonfoliated? Foliated

15. Can you answer the following questions ? The grouping of rocks as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is based primarily upon differences in age originsizehardness Which sample would most likely contain fossils? gneissgranite sandstone basalt Which sample is igneous and has a coarse texture? sandstonebasalt conglomerategranite

16. Can you answer the following questions? The rounded pebbles of this rock have been cemented together to form granite, an igneous rock conglomerate, a sedimentary rock sandstone, a sedimentary rock gneiss, a metamorphic rock Which sequence of events occurs in the formation of a sedimentary rock? What do most igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks have in common? Most rocks are composed of a single mineral All rocks contain fossils Rocks are made up of minerals All rocks contain minerals formed by compression and cementation