1. VolumeMass Crust 1% 0.5% Mantle83%67% Core16%32.5% (Outer core)15.5%31% (Inner core) 0.7% 1.5%

2. Three Types of Rock: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rock: A solid, cohesive aggregate of grains of one or more MINERAL. Mineral: A naturally occurring, solid, inorganic element or compound, with a definite composition (or range of compositions), usually possessing a regular, internal crystalline structure.

3. Three Types of Rock: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rock: A solid, cohesive aggregate of grains of one or more MINERAL. Mineral: A naturally occurring, solid, inorganic element or compound, with a definite composition (or range of compositions), usually possessing a regular, internal crystalline structure. Example: Rock = Granite Minerals = Quartz, Feldspars, Biotite, etc.

4. Like states in a country, or countries in a continent.

5. CRYSTAL - A mineral grain displaying the characteristics of its atomic structure. - almost 4000 different kinds of minerals - differences result from the different elements used and the ways they are bonded

6. WHY DO MINERALS FORM? (Why not just separate elements?)  Atoms are attracted - bond together to form large mega-molecules with same pattern  crystal  Atoms are constantly in motion, jumping from one structure to another  Certain combinations of elements are stable  If molecule is not stable, it breaks apart  If molecule is stable, it continues to grow  “Evolution” - survival of the fittest - of minerals!

7. IONIC BOND Ex: Halite (salt)

9. COVALENT BOND Ex: Diamond

11. METALLIC BOND: Electrons are free to move about between atoms

12. For a Mineral to be Stable: 1. Ionic charges sum to ZERO 2. Ion sizes must be compatible (sizes determined by electron cloud)

15. Imagine what happens in a cooling magma chamber: Like a game of musical chairs with the atoms “sitting down” into growing crystals

16. Early Earth

17. Most rocks are variations on silicon and oxygen: silicates

18. BULK COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH Element% Weight Iron (Fe)35 Oxygen (O)30 Silicon (Si)15 Magnesium (Mg)13 Nickel (Ni) 2.4 Sulfur (S) 1.9 Calcium (Ca) 1.1 Aluminum (Al) 1.1

19. COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH'S CRUST Element % Atoms% Weight% Volume Oxygen (O)62.646.691.7 Silicon (Si)21.227.7 0.2 Aluminum (Al) 6.5 8.1 0.5 Iron (Fe) 1.9 5.0 0.5 Sodium (Na) 2.6 2.8 2.2 Calcium (Ca) 1.9 3.6 1.5 Magnesium (Mg) 1.8 2.1 0.4 Potassium (K) 1.4 2.6 3.1

20. Silica Tetrahedron:

21. Different silicate structures: single tetrahedra, single chains, double chains, sheets, 3D structures (other atoms fill in the spaces in between).

22. Slightly changing the different elements that combine with silica greatly changes the mineral that results, or the characteristics of the mineral. Ex/ Different forms of quartz

23. The ROCK CYCLE: Connected with the water cycle and the carbon cycle Ex/ Multiple paths that any given atom can take through the system