1. 1 A&WMA 25 June, 2014

2.  The Aral Sea is the third largest source of mineral dust in Asia.  Human health effects are associated with atmospheric particulate matter (PM) across a range of particle sizes.  Aral Sea sediments emitted into the air may be a previously unidentified source of PM in central Asia. 2

3.  Mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets in air.  Different shapes and varying chemical compositions based on season, source of emission, and origin.  Different sizes: PM 2.5 and PM 10  Can travel thousands of km.  To understand the particle’s impact on climate, it is important to study their source, transport, and chemistry. 3 http://www.air-purifiers-america.com/images/lc_home_airParticlesChart.jpg

4.  Identifies general source types or categories responsible for the observed PM.  Different inputs to source apportionment models: 1.organic carbon, elemental carbon, and organic tracer compounds; 2.trace metals and elements; 3.major anions and cations; 4.other water-soluble species. 4

5. http://blogs.voanews.com/science-world/files/2013/02/1_aral_sea.jpg 5 68,000 km 2 28,687 km 2 8,160 km 2

6. Aral Dust Storm April 10, 2008 (MODIS/Aqua Real Time image courtesy of NASA) Huang Xiangtong et.al. (2011). Quaternary Science Reviews 6

7. Bishkek - 35 km S of Bishkek City Center - Capital, population ~854,000 - Elevation 1250 m LIDAR - 30 km NE of Karakol - 380 km east of Bishkek - City of ~75000 - Elevation 1920 m 7

8. 1.To determine if the metal content of PM from dust-event periods differs that of non-dust event periods at the Bishkek and LIDAR sites. 2.To determine whether the isotopic composition of Aral Sea and Kyrgyzstan soils are distinguishable from those of western and central China. 3.To explore if emissions from Aral Sea sediments are an important source of air pollution to central Asia. 8

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13. Enrichment factor (EF): EF X = (X sample / Ref sample ) / (X crust / Ref crust )  Crustal weathering is likely to be the source of the atmospheric concentrations. EF is used to identify anthropogenic components of aerosols in the atmosphere.  EF is close to unity for the elements related to the reference, Al (marker for crustal emissions).  EF >> 10 if there is an important anthropogenic source for that pollutant. 13

14.  In Aral Sea sediments, elements such as As, Sb, Cr, Ni, and Mo are present due to anthropogenic activities. 14

15. 15  Elements such as Sb, Cd, As, Cu, and Pb are present due to assumed anthropogenic activities in PM 10 collected during the dust events.  Elements like Sb, Cd, As, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Mo are anthropogenically present in PM 10 collected during the non-dust events.

16. 16  Elements such as Sb, Cd, As, Zn and Pb are present due to assumed anthropogenic activities in aerosols collected during the dust events.  Elements like Sb, Cd, As, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Sn are anthropogenically present in aerosols collected during the non-dust events.

17. 17  Sr and Pb do not fractionate during chemical reactions.  The atmospheric concentrations of Sr and Pb are very low, so there is little risk of atmospheric contamination. http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/images “A good tracer is detectable, non-degradable, and unique to a source”

18.  238 U(t 1/2 = 4.466 x10 9 years) → 206 Pb 235 U(t 1/2 = 0.704 x10 9 years) → 207 Pb 232 Th(t 1/2 = 1.401 x10 10 years) → 208 Pb  Old Pb ores have low 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ratios (1.06-1.10). More recent samples reflect higher 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ratios (>1.18). 18

19. M. Komarek et.al. (2008). Env. International 19 206 Pb/ 207 Pb b 208 Pb/ 206 Pb

20. 20  Both Kyrgyzstan soils and the Aral Sea sediments have natural Pb.  The aerosols collected at both the sites during the dust events and non-dust events have anthropogenic Pb.

21.  Linearity shows that most Pb is derived from weathered bedrocks. 21

22.  Both rocks and minerals possess unique 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios.  87 Rb (t 1/2 = 47.5 billion years) decays by β emission to form stable 87 Sr. 87 Rb → 87 Sr + β  87 Sr is a stable and radiogenic isotope; therefore, we would expect increased 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios in old rocks and sediments. 22

23. Oceans 0.70916 Snow 0.7098 Rain 0.7090-0.7131 Hydrothermal Exchange 0.7037 Seawater 0.70924 Limestone/Dolomite = 0.704 - 0.709 Granite = 0.710 Volcanic Basalts = 0.702-0.705 Dust 0.7109-0.7112 Carbonate Recrystallization 0.7094 23

24. 24  The Aral Sea sediments ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.70947-0.71064) form member “A”.  Kyrgyzstan soils ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.71448 -0.71739) form member “B”.  Aral sea sediment ratios are indicative of elioan sediments.

25. 25  Sr ratios (0.71448 - 0.71739) for Kyrgyzstan soils indicate that the region has undergone multiple recycling and a thorough sedimentary mixing processes.

26.  Elemental analyses of resuspendable soils from the Aral Sea region and Kyrgyzstan soils show that the composition of the soils are remarkably uniform.  As, Cd, Cu, Sb, Pb were higher in content at both the sites due to assumed anthropogenic activity.  The airborne PM collected in Kyrgyzstan may be a mixture of Aral Sea sediments, long-range transport, soils from regional deserts, and local soils.  Both Kyrgyzstan soils and the Aral Sea sediments have natural Pb and aerosols collected at the Bishkek and LIDAR sites have anthropogenic Pb. 26

27. Majestic, B.J., A.D. Anbar, and P. Herckes., Stable Isotopes as a Tool to Apportion Atmospheric Iron. Environmental Science and Technology. 2009. 43(12): 4327-4333. Geagea, M.L., et.al., Tracing of industrial aerosol sources in an urban environment using Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopes. Environmental Science and Technology. 2008. 42(3): 692-698 Schauer, J.; Majestic, B. et al. Improved source apportionment and speciation of low- volume particulate matter samples. Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst. 2010. 153: 3-75. Bentley, R.A., Strontium isotopes from the earth to the archaeological skeleton: A review. Journal of Archaelogical Method and Theory. 2006. 13(3):135-187. Capo, R.C., Stewart, B.C., and Chadwick, O.A., Strontium isotopes as tracers of ecosysytem processes: theory and methods. Geoderma, 1998. 82(1-3): 197-225. The Telegraph. Aral Sea is ‘one of the planet's worst environmental disasters'. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7554679/Aral-Sea- one-of-the-planets-worst- environmental-disasters.html (February 26, 2013). Miller-Schulze. J., et.al, Characteristics of fine particle carbonaceous aerosol at two remote sites in Central Asia. Atmospheric Environment. 2011. 45(38): 6955-6966 27

28. Although this work was reviewed by the EPA and approved for presentation, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency policy. 28