1. Animal, Plant & Soil Science
Lesson C1-1
The Animal Science Industry

2. Interest Approach
Form groups of three to five individuals. Each group should select a chairperson and a recorder. Have each group develop a list of the ways animals benefit humans. Items on the list should be ranked, with 1 being the most important and the highest number being the least important. (The value of the highest number depends on the number of items the group has listed.) Allow 10 to 15 minutes for this activity. Afterward, call on the recorder for each group to give a report and to list the benefits in order of importance on the writing surface. Go through the reports from all the groups and have students consolidate the lists. The numerical rankings can be used in the consolidation process. (The list should be retained for future reference as this lesson is taught. Students should record the list in their notebooks.)

3. Objectives Investigate the history of animal domestication.
Identify and describe the important segments of the animal industry.

4. Objectives
Analyze the components necessary to provide appropriate animal care and well-being.
Classify common livestock and companion animals based on their species, age, and sexual state.

5. Terms animal domestication animal reproduction animal environment
animal health
animal industry
animal marketing
animal nutrition
animal processing
animal production
animal reproduction
animal selection
animal services
animal supplies
animal well-being
castration
companion animal
feral animal

6. Terms livestock neutering poultry ration service animals spaying
wildlife

7. What is the history of animal domestication?
Animal domestication is the process of removing animals from wild settings and raising them in a controlled environment.
Domestication usually results in all members of a species being domesticated.
Animals that have not been domesticated are known as wildlife.

8. What is the history of animal domestication?
A member of a species that was once domesticated but has returned to live in the wild is a feral animal.
Examples of feral animals are wild dogs and wild horses.
Domesticated animals depend on humans to provide for most of their needs, such as a good pasture for cattle.

9. What is the history of animal domestication?
A. Domestication began thousands of years ago with animals similar to cattle whose fossils were found in Asia.
The fossils date back 3 to 4 million years or more.
The remains have ox-like animal parts and horns comparable to those of goats.
However, cattle are not thought to have been domesticated until 8000 to 6000 B.C. in Europe and parts of Asia.

10. What is the history of animal domestication?
The first domesticated bovine animal is believed to have descended from aurochs.
The auroch survived until relatively modern times.
The species became extinct in 1627 near Warsaw, Poland.
Early cattle served a triple purpose for humans. They provided meat, milk, and labor.
Ultimately, the draft purpose was replaced by horses and then by machinery.
Today many breeds are considered for single or dual purposes.

11. What is the history of animal domestication?
1. People began domestication because having a consistent food supply was easier if animals did not have to be hunted.
People started to manage animals and found it easier to care for them and to understand their needs.
They also found it easier to raise them and use them to help meet human needs.

12. What is the history of animal domestication?
2. Domestication allowed people to use animals for power in pulling loads.
Many early cattle served as triple-purpose breeds.
Draft purpose was one of the essential functions.
Horses, donkeys, and even goats served a draft purpose.

13. What is the history of animal domestication?
3. Some animals and their owners developed “attachments” to each other.
The animals became companion animals.
A companion animal is an animal kept by a human for enjoyment in a long-term relationship.
Companion animals are frequently called pets.
Examples of companion animals are dogs, cats, fish, rabbits, and hamsters.
Horses and other animals may be raised for recreation and/or companion relationships.

14. What is the history of animal domestication?
B. Domestication continues today, with new species now undergoing the process.
An example is elk.
Some people are beginning to farm elk, though most elk still exist in the wild.
Bison and some fish are other examples of species being domesticated.
Some types of monkeys are bred for pet trade.
Llamas are bred with alpacas for a greater pet appeal and woollier coats.
The production of fennec foxes, albino hedgehogs, and mutant hairless guinea pigs are examples of how domestication continues today.

15. What are the important segments of the animal industry?
The animal industry is all the activities in producing animals and their products or benefits to meet the needs of people.
A. Many competencies are needed to assure that animals receive care that promotes their well-being.
People need to understand the unique characteristics of the species they are producing.
B. The animal industry has several important areas.
These contribute to animal production for maximum human benefit.

16. What are the important segments of the animal industry?
1. Animal production is the production of animals for food and other uses, such as companionship.
The kinds of animals produced and the nature of production practices vary, depending on interests and technology.
Production may be quite specialized to provide a specific animal product.

17. What are the important segments of the animal industry?
a. Livestock encompasses mammals raised on farms and/or ranches for food and other human purposes.
Cattle, swine, sheep, horses, and goats are often produced on large scale farms.
Less common species, such as llamas and elk, are usually produced on small-scale farms.

18. What are the important segments of the animal industry?
b. Companion animals serve as pets.
Among the most popular are dogs, cats, fish, rabbits, and hamsters.
Some companion animals can act as service animals to humans.
Service animals are animals that assist people in living and work.
They are used in many ways and may be given special training.
Examples are dogs that assist people who are visually impaired.

19. What are the important segments of the animal industry?
c. Poultry is the group name for all domesticated birds used for meat, eggs, and feathers.
Poultry is also referred to as birds and fowl.
These birds have wings, backbones, and feathers; some can even swim.
d. Other animals produced for specific reasons include food fish, laboratory animals, and exotic animals.

20. What are the important segments of the animal industry?
2. Animal supplies is the area of the animal industry that provides the inputs (goods or products) needed to produce animals.
These goods or products typically come from sources of the production facility.
Examples are feed, medicine, and equipment.

21. What are the important segments of the animal industry?
3. Animal services is the area of the animal industry that includes the professional and technical assistance that producers need and use in efficiently producing animals.
Examples of service providers are veterinarians, farriers, and shearers.

22. What are the important segments of the animal industry?
4. Animal marketing is all the processes involved in assuring that consumers have the desired animal products.
It includes activities in transporting, grading, selling, etc.
Marketing is the link between the producer and the consumer.

23. What are the important segments of the animal industry?
5. Animal processing is the preparation of animals and animal products for human use or consumption.
It is closely related to marketing.
The functions vary with the product.
Milk, eggs, wool, and meat go through different processes in preparation for consumption.
Some animals, such as those for companionship, safety, or service, do not produce products.

24. Successful animal production requires care and management.
What are the components necessary to provide appropriate animal care and well-being?
Successful animal production requires care and management.
A. Animal well-being is an important part of care and management.
Animal well-being is the result of caring for an animal so all of its needs are met and it does not suffer.
Steps must be taken to make the animal healthy, such as providing proper feed and water.

25. What are the components necessary to provide appropriate animal care and well-being?
B. Several areas are important in animal care and management.
These are related to producing animals successfully.
With study and experience, individuals can develop the knowledge and skill needed to provide care and management.
1. Animal selection is the choosing of animals to achieve desired goals.
This includes the selection of animals for specific characteristics and of animals adapted to the situation in which they will be raised.
Profitability for commercial animal producers requires the production of quality animals.

26. What are the components necessary to provide appropriate animal care and well-being?
2. Animal nutrition is the study of the kind and amount of feed and water an animal needs and how the animal uses food substances.
The needs of animals are dependent on age and condition.
There are several important factors to an animal’s ration.
A ration is an animal’s diet or what an animal eats each day.
It is important to have a properly balanced ration, especially for young animals and lactating females.

27. What are the components necessary to provide appropriate animal care and well-being?
3. Animal health is the condition in which the animal is free of disease and all body systems are functioning properly.
Good nutrition and a good environment promote health.
Vaccination and other health promoting management are beneficial.
Producers know the importance of prevention.
Disease among animals can be difficult to treat, can be costly, and can decrease production.

28. What are the components necessary to provide appropriate animal care and well-being?
4. Animal reproduction is the process by which offspring are produced.
Understanding reproductive processes of the species is essential for successful animal production.
5. Animal environment is the surroundings in which an animal is living.
Some animals are adapted to the natural weather environment; other animals need housing and protection.
Animal environment includes the surroundings in which an animal is placed temporarily, such as in hauling, handling, penning, and other situations involved in production.

29. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
Animals are classified by species, age, and sexual state.
It is important to use the appropriate names when referring to animals.
A. Age is a means of determining the difference between mature animals and immature animals.
B. Sexual state is another way of classifying animals.

30. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
1. Male or female is one distinction.
2. Another distinction is whether an animal is in its natural sexual state or whether it has undergone sexual alteration known as neutering.
An animal is neutered to prevent it from reproducing or to cause it to express desired traits.
For example, neutering may increase the rate of growth and the quality of meat.

31. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
Two types of neutering are castration and spaying.
a. Castration is the removal or destruction of the testicles of a male so it does not breed.
b. Spaying is the removal of the ovaries or the cutting of the fallopian tubes of a female so an egg cannot enter the uterus, where it may be fertilized and develop as an embryo and fetus.

32. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
C. The following are common names of cattle.
1. A mature male is a bull.
2. A mature female is a cow.
3. A young male is a bull.
4. A young female is a heifer.
5. A castrated male is a steer.
6. A newborn is a calf.
7. A group of cattle is a herd.

33. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
D. The following are common names of goats.
1. A mature male is a buck.
2. A mature female is a doe.
3. A young male is a buck kid.
4. A young female is a doeling.
5. A castrated male is a wether.
6. A newborn is a kid.
7. A group of goats is a herd.

34. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
E. The following are common names of sheep.
1. A mature male is a ram.
2. A mature female is a ewe.
3. A young male is a ram lamb.
4. A young female is a ewe lamb.
5. A castrated male is a wether.
6. A newborn is a lamb.
7. A group of sheep is a flock.

35. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
F. The following are common names of hogs/swine.
1. A mature male is a boar.
2. A mature female is a sow.
3. A young male is a shoat or young boar.
4. A young female is a gilt.
5. A castrated male is a barrow.
6. A newborn is a pig or piglet.
7. A group of hogs/swine is a drove.

36. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
G. The following are common names of chickens.
1. A mature male is a rooster.
2. A mature female is a hen.
3. A young male is a cockerel.
4. A young female is a pullet.
5. A castrated male is a capon.
6. A newborn is a chick.
7. A group of chickens is a flock.

37. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
H. The following are common names of turkeys.
1. A mature male is a tom.
2. A mature female is a hen.
3. A young male is a tom poult.
4. A young female is a hen poult.
5. A newborn is a poult.
6. A group of turkeys is a flock.

38. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
I. The following are common names of dogs.
1. A mature male is a stud.
2. A mature female is a bitch.
3. A young male is an intact.
4. A young female is a bitch.
5. A castrated male is a neuter.
6. A newborn is a puppy.
7. A group of dogs is a pack.

39. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
J. The following are common names of cats.
1. A mature male is a tom.
2. A mature female is a queen.
3. A castrated male is a gib.
4. A newborn is a kitten.
5. A group of cats is a bevy.

40. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
K. The following are common names of horses.
1. A mature male is a stallion.
2. A mature female is a mare.
3. A young male is a colt.
4. A young female is a filly.
5. A castrated male is a gelding.
6. A newborn is a foal.
7. A group of horses is a herd.

41. How are common livestock and companion animals classified?
L. The following are common names of rabbits.
1. A mature male is a buck.
2. A mature female is a doe.
3. A newborn is a kit.
4. A group of rabbits is a group.

43. Review What is the history of animal domestication?
What are the important segments of the animal industry?

44. Review
What are the components necessary to provide appropriate animal care and well-being?
How are common livestock and companion animals classified?