1. PP 4: Human Population Text: Chapter 8, 9, 10

2. Revisiting The Last Days of Easter Island

3. WHERE IS EASTER ISLAND? Latitude: 27S 2000 miles west of South America 1400 miles from the island of Pitcairn Named April 5, 1722 on Easter Sunday by Dutch Explorer Jacob Roggeveen

4. Rapa Nui 400AD (Later named Easter Island by the Dutch) Tropical Paradise

5. WHAT TYPES OF RESOURCES WERE PRESENT? Perpetual Resource: solar energy is continuously renewed. Perpetual Resource: solar energy is continuously renewed. Renewable Resource: resource that can be replenished fairly rapidly (hours to several decades) through natural processes. Renewable Resource: resource that can be replenished fairly rapidly (hours to several decades) through natural processes. Nonrenewable Resource: resource that exists in a fixed amount in various places in the earth’s crust and has the potential for renewable by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years. Nonrenewable Resource: resource that exists in a fixed amount in various places in the earth’s crust and has the potential for renewable by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years. Potentially Renewable Resource: resource that can be replenished fairly rapidly (hours to several decades) through natural processes, but if used faster than it is replenished (unsustainably), it can be converted into a nonrenewable resource.[forests, grasslands, wildlife, surface water, groundwater, fresh air, soil] Potentially Renewable Resource: resource that can be replenished fairly rapidly (hours to several decades) through natural processes, but if used faster than it is replenished (unsustainably), it can be converted into a nonrenewable resource.[forests, grasslands, wildlife, surface water, groundwater, fresh air, soil]

6. Resources on Easter Island Toromiro trees, woody shrubs, herbs, ferns, grasses, palm tree (82 feet tall and 6 feet wide). Primary producers which represent sources of food (energy), timber, rope, and fuel wood. Toromiro trees, woody shrubs, herbs, ferns, grasses, palm tree (82 feet tall and 6 feet wide). Primary producers which represent sources of food (energy), timber, rope, and fuel wood.

7. Resources on Easter Island Seabirds: albatross, boobies, magnificent frigate birds, tropicbirds,, terns, fulmars

8. Resources on Easter Island Land Birds: Barn owls Herons Parrots

9. Resources on Easter Island Aquatic Resources: Fish Fish Porpoise Porpoise Seal Seal Shellfish Shellfish

10. Original Colonist Brought Invasive Species Chickens Chickens Rats Rats Sugar cane Sugar cane

11. Statue Construction 1200 – 1500AD

12. THE MOAI 200 completed statues and 700 incomplete statues. 200 completed statues and 700 incomplete statues. Statues erected stood as high as 33 feet tall and weighed up to 82 tons. Statues erected stood as high as 33 feet tall and weighed up to 82 tons. Incomplete abandoned statues stood as high as 65 feet tall and weighed as much as 270n tons. Incomplete abandoned statues stood as high as 65 feet tall and weighed as much as 270n tons.

13. WHY DID THE RAPA NUI BUILD THE MOI? The MOAI faced inward from the sea to attract the Gods to protect the Rapa Nui. Rappa Nui built bigger MOAI over time to show power and wealth over other clans…..Uh Oh!

14. WHAT WENT WRONG? 800AD deforestation was ongoing. 1400 the palm and other trees and shrubs were eliminated. Invasive Rats scavenged palm nuts and other fruits and seeds and prevented the regeneration of the critical primary producers for food, fuel wood, hemp and timber for canoes. PARADISE LOST BARREN WASTELAND

15. CARRYING CAPACITY EXCEEDED By 1500 the land and sea birds migrated to other islands. Mutualistic Relationships (Pollinization) were disrupted and this lead to the total disappearance of the forest.

16. WILDLIFE AND FOOD RESOURCES DISAPPEARED

17. POTENTIALLY RENEWABLE RESOURCES BECOME NONRENEWABLE With no roots from vegetation to anchor soils, they eroded into the sea. This caused streams and springs to dry up. Crop yields decreased drastically until there was no more usable land.

18. POPULATION GROWTH (NRI =birth rate > death rate) Initial population ~400 Population of Polynesian immigrants was 2000 Population grew exponentially to as many as 20,000 “J-curve” Positive Feedback Loop “Runaway Loop”

19. POPULATION DECREASE (NRD = death rate >birth rate) As population increases exponentially, natural resources decrease exponentially. Sophisticated political structure fails. Division of resources no longer shared. Warfare over resources begins and population begins to decline Negative Feedback Loop “Corrective Loop”

20. DESPARATE MEASURES FOR SURVIVAL As food resources became unavailable, cannibalism predominated until only 2000 emaciated Rapa Nui were found by Dutch Explorers in 1722 in the barren wasteland they had created.

21. PAIRED FEEBACK LOOPS Positive Feedback Loops (runaway loop) Exponential growth Unsustainable use of resources diminished quality of life Negative Feedback Loops (Corrective loop) Population decline Cannibalism This allows resources to recover BUT…they will NEVER reach their original carrying capacity again.

22. Is This Our Future??? 22

23. The Human Population 23 Think of the earth as a living organism that is being attacked by billions of bacteria whose numbers double every forty years. Either the …bacteria dies, or both die. - Gore Vidal (Author and Political Activists)

24. Prophecy of Malthus English clergyman & economist (1766-1834) English clergyman & economist (1766-1834) Prophecy: Prophecy: Food is necessary to the existence of man. Food is necessary to the existence of man. The passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state. The passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state.

25. Prophecy of Malthus Famine seems to be the last, the most dreadful resource of nature. The power of population is so superior to the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race. The vices of mankind are active and able ministers of depopulation. They are the precursors in the great army of destruction; and often finish the dreadful work themselves. But should they fail in this war of extermination, sickly seasons, epidemics, pestilence, and plague, advance in terrific array, and sweep off their thousands and ten thousands. Should success be still incomplete, gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one mighty blow levels the population with the food of the world. Famine seems to be the last, the most dreadful resource of nature. The power of population is so superior to the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race. The vices of mankind are active and able ministers of depopulation. They are the precursors in the great army of destruction; and often finish the dreadful work themselves. But should they fail in this war of extermination, sickly seasons, epidemics, pestilence, and plague, advance in terrific array, and sweep off their thousands and ten thousands. Should success be still incomplete, gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one mighty blow levels the population with the food of the world.

26. 26 HUMAN DEMOGRAPHY Demographics – The study of human populations. Demographics – The study of human populations. Includes statistics about people such as births, deaths, gender, race, and economic status. Includes statistics about people such as births, deaths, gender, race, and economic status. October 12, 1999, UN officially declared the human population reached 6 billion. October 12, 1999, UN officially declared the human population reached 6 billion. World Population Estimated by US Census Bureau World Population Estimated by US Census Bureau World Population Estimated by US Census Bureau World Population Estimated by US Census Bureau

27. Population Population Density: number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume at a given time Population Density: number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume at a given time How do populations change in size? How do populations change in size? b = birth rate (births/population size) d = death rate (deaths/population size) r = growth rate r = b-d Crude birth rate = number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Crude birth rate = number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Crude death rate – number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Crude death rate – number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

28. Average crude birth rateAverage crude death rate World All developed countries All developing countries Developing countries (w/o China) 21 9 11 10 24 8 27 9 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

29. Population Dispersal, movement from one area to another, also influenced population changes on the local scale. Dispersal, movement from one area to another, also influenced population changes on the local scale. i = immigration (immigrants/population size) e = emigration (emigrants/population size) r = growth rate r= (b-d) +(i-e)

30. Practice In a human population of 10,000 there are 200 births and 100 deaths. What is the growth rate of the population. In a human population of 10,000 there are 200 births and 100 deaths. What is the growth rate of the population. b = 200/10000 d = 100/10000 r = ? r = b – d r = 200/10000 – 100/10000 or r = 0.02 – 0.01 r = 0.01 or 1% per year ANSWER

31. Practice In a human population of 10,000 there are 100 births and 50 deaths, 10 immigrants and 100 emigrants. What is the growth rate of the population. In a human population of 10,000 there are 100 births and 50 deaths, 10 immigrants and 100 emigrants. What is the growth rate of the population. b = 100/10000 d = 50/10000 i = 10/10000 e = 100/10000 r = ? r = (b – d) + (i – e) r = (100/10000 – 50/1000) + (10/10000 – 100/10000) Or r = (0.010 – 0.005) + (0.001 – 0.010) r = (0.010 – 0.005) + (0.001 – 0.010) r = -0.004 or -0.4% per year ANSWER

32. Exponential Growth At first populations will experience a period of unlimited growth due to an unlimited amount of resources. At first populations will experience a period of unlimited growth due to an unlimited amount of resources.

33. Population Growth Since each organism of a population is governed by the selfish gene, populations tend to grow Since each organism of a population is governed by the selfish gene, populations tend to grow If unlimited resources are present, growth will be exponential If unlimited resources are present, growth will be exponential It will proceed very quickly for rapidly reproducing organisms and more slowly for slowly reproducing ones It will proceed very quickly for rapidly reproducing organisms and more slowly for slowly reproducing ones The curve, however, will always be a “J” curve or an exponential growth curve The curve, however, will always be a “J” curve or an exponential growth curve

34. Population Growth 2 Resources are never unlimited, though. Resources are never unlimited, though. As population rises, resources decline. As population rises, resources decline. If the growth is too rapid, resources are rapidly depleted and a population crash can occur If the growth is too rapid, resources are rapidly depleted and a population crash can occur This pattern occurs often with many populations (including humans) This pattern occurs often with many populations (including humans) Gypsy moth caterpillar

35. Logistic Population Growth Exponential growth is limited by resource availability, competition, build up of waste, and lack of space. The growth pattern results in a S- Shaped curve due to the leveling off of the population. Exponential growth is limited by resource availability, competition, build up of waste, and lack of space. The growth pattern results in a S- Shaped curve due to the leveling off of the population.

36. Carrying Capacity Carrying Capacity = K: Maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. Carrying Capacity = K: Maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. Dynamic Equilibrium: Fluctuation around equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium: Fluctuation around equilibrium

37. Population Growth 3 More often what happens is that the resources slowly decrease, the growth rate slowly decreases, and they meet. More often what happens is that the resources slowly decrease, the growth rate slowly decreases, and they meet. This point that they oscillate around is the carrying capacity of the environment for that particular organism This point that they oscillate around is the carrying capacity of the environment for that particular organism S - shaped curve

38. Limiting Factors  Limiting factors are those which limit population growth; they may be short- term (limiting growth within one year of occurrence), intermediate-term (limiting growth after one year but before 10 years of occurrence) or long-term (limiting growth ten or more years after occurrence).

39. Growth Rate Limiting Factors (effecting birth or mortality rates) Density-Dependent Predation Predation Increased competition for scarce resources Increased competition for scarce resources Sickness Sickness Others?... Others?... Density-Independent Weather Ice Age Global Warming Flood El Nino Etc. Range of Tolerance can affect one organism more then another! ex: temperature, light, salinity, nutrients, water

40. R-selected Species Selected based on growth rate. Selected based on growth rate. R-selected Species: R-selected Species: Think Weeds! Think Weeds! Short life span Short life span Reproduce young Reproduce young Many offspring per reproductive cycle Many offspring per reproductive cycle Usually good invasive species! Usually good invasive species!

41. K-Selected Species Selected based on Carrying Capacity. Selected based on Carrying Capacity. K-selected Species: K-selected Species: Think people, lions, chimps! Think people, lions, chimps! Long life span Long life span High ability to maintain homeostasis High ability to maintain homeostasis Care for young Care for young Few offspring per reproductive cycle. Few offspring per reproductive cycle.

42. Survivorship Curves Survivorship curves indicate life expectancies for organisms. This is a way to represent the age structure of the population. Survivorship curves indicate life expectancies for organisms. This is a way to represent the age structure of the population. The curve represents the number of survivors of each age group for a particular species. The curve represents the number of survivors of each age group for a particular species.

43. Percentage surviving (log scale) 100 10 1 0 Age Figure 9-11 Page 171 Early loss Constant loss Late loss

44. Early Loss Curve Early loss curves are common to r- strategists. They produce many young who receive no parental care. This allows compensates for high infant/juvenile mortality. Early loss curves are common to r- strategists. They produce many young who receive no parental care. This allows compensates for high infant/juvenile mortality. Once the young reach a critical age, there is high survivorship. Once the young reach a critical age, there is high survivorship. Examples = annual plants, bony fish, amphibians Examples = annual plants, bony fish, amphibians

45. Constant Loss Curve An intermediate number of young with limited parental care are common to constant loss curves. An intermediate number of young with limited parental care are common to constant loss curves. They experience a fairly constant rate of mortality in ALL age classes, so there is a steady decline in survivors. They experience a fairly constant rate of mortality in ALL age classes, so there is a steady decline in survivors. Examples = lizards, songbirds, and small mammals. Examples = lizards, songbirds, and small mammals.

46. Late Loss Curves Late loss curves are common to k- strategists. They produce few young and care for them. This reduces infant and juvenile mortality. Late loss curves are common to k- strategists. They produce few young and care for them. This reduces infant and juvenile mortality. Examples = humans, elephants, gorilla Examples = humans, elephants, gorilla

47. 47 HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH For most of human history, humans have not been very numerous compared to other species. For most of human history, humans have not been very numerous compared to other species. It took nearly 72,000 years to reach 1 billion. It took nearly 72,000 years to reach 1 billion. 150 years to reach 3 billion. 150 years to reach 3 billion. 25 years to reach 4 billion. 25 years to reach 4 billion. 20 years to reach 5 billion 20 years to reach 5 billion 12 years to reach 6 billion. 12 years to reach 6 billion. Human population tripled during the twentieth century.. Human population tripled during the twentieth century..

48. 48 Human Population History This video represents the growth of the human population since 0 A.D. This video represents the growth of the human population since 0 A.D.video

49. 49 Exponential Growth and Doubling Time Estimation of how long for a population to double in size Estimation of how long for a population to double in size Growth rate Growth rate r = b-d Also shown as….. g = (Births-Deaths)/Number of people Doubling time = 70/g% If world growth rate is 1.75%, If world growth rate is 1.75%, Calculate this doubling time 70/1.75 = 40 years Calculate this doubling time 70/1.75 = 40 years Currently about 2% per year Currently about 2% per year Calculate the doubling time 70/2 = 35 years Calculate the doubling time 70/2 = 35 years ANSWER

50. 50 Two Demographic Worlds Developing countries are poor, young, and rapidly growing. Developing countries are poor, young, and rapidly growing. India, China, Bolivia (S. America), Congo (Africa) India, China, Bolivia (S. America), Congo (Africa) Contain 80% of world population, and will account for 90% of projected growth. Contain 80% of world population, and will account for 90% of projected growth. Developed countries are wealthy, old, and mostly shrinking. Developed countries are wealthy, old, and mostly shrinking. United States, Japan, France United States, Japan, France Populations often expected to decline. Populations often expected to decline.

51. 51 Estimated Human Population Growth

52. TFRs Fertility Rate - Number of births per 1000 women per year. Fertility Rate - Number of births per 1000 women per year. Developing countries = ~20 Developing countries = ~20 Developed countries = ~10 Developed countries = ~10 Total Fertility Rate – Average number of children a woman has in her lifetime. Total Fertility Rate – Average number of children a woman has in her lifetime. Developing Countries TFR = 3.1, some African countries have a TFR of 6! Developing Countries TFR = 3.1, some African countries have a TFR of 6! Congo = 4.41 Congo = 4.41 Developed Nations are steady with a TFR of 1.6 Developed Nations are steady with a TFR of 1.6 U.S. = 2.1 U.S. = 2.1 Global TFR in 2004 = 2.8 children per woman. Global TFR in 2004 = 2.8 children per woman. Not until Developing Nations reach a TFR of 2.1 will world populations stabilize! Not until Developing Nations reach a TFR of 2.1 will world populations stabilize! GOAL = Replacement Level Fertility (RLF) GOAL = Replacement Level Fertility (RLF)

53. Global Total Fertility Rates

54. World Developed countries Developing countries Africa Latin America Asia Oceania North America Europe 5 children per woman 2.8 2.5 1.6 6.5 3.1 6.6 5.1 5.9 2.6 5.9 2.6 3.8 2.1 3.5 2.0 2.6 1.4 1950 2004 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

55. Graph showing possible future population growth based on Total Fertility Rate - the average number of children a woman has

56. Why Are TFR’s Higher In Developing Countries? Infant mortality rate is high; Infant mortality rate is high; Need a few children to help farm, earn an income, take care of parents as they age; Need a few children to help farm, earn an income, take care of parents as they age; Ignorance regarding sexual education (also accounts for high incidence of AIDS especially in African Nations); Ignorance regarding sexual education (also accounts for high incidence of AIDS especially in African Nations); No access to contraceptives or other birth control; No access to contraceptives or other birth control; Socially acceptable to have many children and multiple sexual partners at an early age(12-15). Socially acceptable to have many children and multiple sexual partners at an early age(12-15). NOTE: Average age for marriage in a developing nation is 15! NOTE: Average age for marriage in a developing nation is 15! Average age for marriage in a developed country is 25! Average age for marriage in a developed country is 25!

57. Why Are TFR’s So High In Africa? No government supported family planning. No government supported family planning. Low literacy rate among woman. Low literacy rate among woman. Few economic roles for woman. Few economic roles for woman. Woman’s rights…are there any? Woman’s rights…are there any? Poor health care for mothers/mothers-to-be. Poor health care for mothers/mothers-to-be. AIDS rampant. AIDS rampant. Need many children for labor. Need many children for labor. High infant mortality due to poor quality of life. High infant mortality due to poor quality of life. Abortions, legal or safe? Abortions, legal or safe?

59. 59 United States Birth Rate

60. How Have Fertility Rates Changed in the USA? Population in 1900 – 76 million Population in 1900 – 76 million Population in 2004 = 294 million Population in 2004 = 294 million 1957 (peak baby boom) – TFR = 3.7 1957 (peak baby boom) – TFR = 3.7 Since 1972 – USA at or below replacement level fertility (RLF) Since 1972 – USA at or below replacement level fertility (RLF) USA population is growing faster than any other developed nation, why? USA population is growing faster than any other developed nation, why?

61. Population Increase in the USA br>dr because standard of living is high. br>dr because standard of living is high. Baby-boomers now finally approaching post-reproductive age! Baby-boomers now finally approaching post-reproductive age! Increase in unwed mothers (teenagers mostly, many in inner-city areas). Increase in unwed mothers (teenagers mostly, many in inner-city areas). Inadequate family planning. Inadequate family planning. Ethnic group increases from immigration from developing nations who believe in the large family unit. Ethnic group increases from immigration from developing nations who believe in the large family unit. Immigration (legal and illegal) = 71% of the population increase in the USA! Immigration (legal and illegal) = 71% of the population increase in the USA!

62. Factors That Lower Death Rates Increased distribution and supply of food resources Increased distribution and supply of food resources Higher living standards Higher living standards Better nutrition (food/vitamins) Better nutrition (food/vitamins) Improvements in medical and public health technology; Improvements in medical and public health technology; Improvements in sanitation and personal hygiene Improvements in sanitation and personal hygiene Safer water supplies. Safer water supplies. NOTE: Infant mortality rate (IMR) is a good indicator of quality of life because it reflects the general level of nutrition and health care for a geographic region. NOTE: Infant mortality rate (IMR) is a good indicator of quality of life because it reflects the general level of nutrition and health care for a geographic region.

63. Global Infant Mortality Rates

64. Growth rate has reduced since 2008. The population is still growing exponentially by the the slope of population growth has changed.

65. How Does Population Relate to the Economics of a Country? Demographic Transition – A hypothesis of population change that states as countries become industrialized, first their death rates decrease followed by declines in birth rates. Demographic Transition – A hypothesis of population change that states as countries become industrialized, first their death rates decrease followed by declines in birth rates. There are four stages: Pre-industrial, Transitional, Industrial, Post-industrial. There are four stages: Pre-industrial, Transitional, Industrial, Post-industrial.

66. 66 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION Model of how economic development alters population dynamics. Model of how economic development alters population dynamics. 1. 1. Preindustrial (Stage 1) – African Nations Food shortages, malnutrition, lack of sanitation and medicine keep death rates high. Food shortages, malnutrition, lack of sanitation and medicine keep death rates high. Birth rates tend to match death rates to maintain the population. Birth rates tend to match death rates to maintain the population. 2. 2. Early Transitional (Stage 2) India, China, South/Central America, Middle East, Thailand v Hygiene, nutrition, and education improve. Death rates drop dramatically. Death rates drop dramatically. Birth rates remain high initially. Birth rates remain high initially. Population increases very quickly. Population increases very quickly. 3. 3. Industrial (Stage 3) Most Developed Countries v Industrialization is widespread v Birth rate begins to drop. v Better access to birth control and family planning v Decreased infant mortality, v Increase in jobs v Increased opportunities for woman. 4. 4. Postindustrial (Stage 4) 37 Western European Countries and Japan Birth rate decreases even further and equals death rate = ZERO POPULATION GROWTH Birth rate decreases even further and equals death rate = ZERO POPULATION GROWTH THEN… birth rate drops below death rate and population begins to decline slowly. THEN… birth rate drops below death rate and population begins to decline slowly. Shift from unsustainable to sustainable forms of economics!!! Shift from unsustainable to sustainable forms of economics!!!

68. 68 Demographic Transition

69. Differences in causes of death

70. 70 Age Structure Distribution of ages in a population at a specific time. Distribution of ages in a population at a specific time. Graphed as a population pyramid. Graphed as a population pyramid. More young people in a population usually means higher growth rates. More young people in a population usually means higher growth rates.

71. 71 Age Structure Diagrams

72. MaleFemale Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Gaza Strip Slow Growth United States Australia Canada MaleFemale Ages 0-14Ages 15-44Ages 45-85+ © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Pre-reproductiveReproductivePost-reproductive

73. Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden MaleFemaleMaleFemale Ages 0-14Ages 15-44Ages 45-85+ © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

74. 74 Population Growth : Opposing Factors Pronatalist Forces – Positive value towards birth. Factors that increase the desire for children. Factors that increase the desire for children. Source of pleasure, pride, comfort. Source of pleasure, pride, comfort. Source of support for elderly parents. Source of support for elderly parents. Current source of family income. Current source of family income. Social Status Social Status Boys frequently valued more than girls. Boys frequently valued more than girls. Antinatalist Forces- Negative value towards birth. Usually involve women. Usually involve women. Women are less likely to have children when they have… Women are less likely to have children when they have… Higher education and personal freedom. Higher education and personal freedom. More opportunities to earn a salary. More opportunities to earn a salary. Higher socioeconomic status Higher socioeconomic status

75. Rapid Population Growth Leads to… Rapid and wasteful use of resources with too little emphasis on pollution prevention and waste reduction. Rapid and wasteful use of resources with too little emphasis on pollution prevention and waste reduction. Degradation to Earth’s natural cycles. Degradation to Earth’s natural cycles. Poverty which can drive poor people to use potentially renewable resources unsustainably for short-term survival. Poverty which can drive poor people to use potentially renewable resources unsustainably for short-term survival. Failure of economic and political systems to encourage sustainable economic development. Failure of economic and political systems to encourage sustainable economic development. Our urge to dominate and manage nature for our use with far too little knowledge about how nature works. Our urge to dominate and manage nature for our use with far too little knowledge about how nature works. Major Connection: Major Connection: Population x Affluence x Technology = Environmental Impact P x A x T = I

76. How Do We Slow Population Growth? Promote Family Planning Education Promote Family Planning Education Reduce Poverty Reduce Poverty Empower Woman Empower Woman Improve health care for infants, children, and pregnant woman. Improve health care for infants, children, and pregnant woman. Increase access to education especially for girls. Increase access to education especially for girls. Increase the involvement of men in child rearing responsibilities. Increase the involvement of men in child rearing responsibilities. Reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of economic production and consumption. Reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of economic production and consumption. Promote free trade, private investment, and assistance to countries that need help. Promote free trade, private investment, and assistance to countries that need help.

77. Population in China China has the largest population in the world. China has the largest population in the world. In the 1970 the Chinese government pushed to promote later marriage and 1 child families. In the 1970 the Chinese government pushed to promote later marriage and 1 child families. Families who signed pledge to a one child family received medical care, schooling, cash bonuses, preferential housing, and retirements funds. Families who signed pledge to a one child family received medical care, schooling, cash bonuses, preferential housing, and retirements funds. Families were forced to pay fines and surrender all privileges if a second child was born. Families were forced to pay fines and surrender all privileges if a second child was born. This aggressive plan brought the world fertility rate for 5.8 births per woman in 1970 to 2.1 births per woman in 1981. This aggressive plan brought the world fertility rate for 5.8 births per woman in 1970 to 2.1 births per woman in 1981. Controversial????? Controversial?????

78. Population in China China’s Current Population: 1.3 billion China’s Current Population: 1.3 billion Demographers project that by middle 21 st century, marriageable males will outnumber marriageable females in China by 1 million. Demographers project that by middle 21 st century, marriageable males will outnumber marriageable females in China by 1 million. One-child family policy is more relaxed. Now focused on education and fewer penalties. One-child family policy is more relaxed. Now focused on education and fewer penalties.

79. Population in India India has the second population in the world. India has the second population in the world. In the 1950s India became the first country to establish government sponsored family planning. In the 1950s India became the first country to establish government sponsored family planning. India has 14 main languages and 700 other languages and dialects, and a vast range of cultures. Making education very difficult. India has 14 main languages and 700 other languages and dialects, and a vast range of cultures. Making education very difficult. Culture supports large families: Culture supports large families: Husbands desert wives they do not produce sons Husbands desert wives they do not produce sons Sons are expected to support their mother if the husband dies Sons are expected to support their mother if the husband dies In 1976 Compulsory Sterilization In 1976 Compulsory Sterilization If a man had three or more children, he was compelled to obtain a vasectomy. If a man had three or more children, he was compelled to obtain a vasectomy. Controversial????? Controversial?????

80. Population in India India’s Current Population: 1.09 billion India’s Current Population: 1.09 billion Demographers project that by middle 21 st century, marriageable males will outnumber marriageable females in China by 1 million. Demographers project that by middle 21 st century, marriageable males will outnumber marriageable females in China by 1 million. India’s family planning policy is focused on educating young couples about the importance of reaching the target TFR of 2.1 India’s family planning policy is focused on educating young couples about the importance of reaching the target TFR of 2.1 Population growth is still a problem in India Population growth is still a problem in India

81. Population in Thailand 1971 – Thailand adopted a National Policy to reduce its population growth. 1971 – Thailand adopted a National Policy to reduce its population growth. The population was growing at a rate of 3.2%/year.(TFR was 6.4) The population was growing at a rate of 3.2%/year.(TFR was 6.4) 1986 – population decreased to 1.6% 1986 – population decreased to 1.6% 1988 – population decreased to 1.1% 1988 – population decreased to 1.1% 2000 – population decreased to 1% 2000 – population decreased to 1% (TFR = 1.9) (TFR = 1.9)

82. Reasons for Thailand’s Decrease in Population Rate Government –supported family planning program Government –supported family planning program Mechai Viravidaiya created the Population and Community Development Association in 1974. It’s goal was to make family planning a national goal Mechai Viravidaiya created the Population and Community Development Association in 1974. It’s goal was to make family planning a national goal PCDA Workers: PCDA Workers: a. Handed out condoms at festivals, movie theaters, traffic jams. b. Wrote humorous songs about condom use and why you shouldn’t have more than 2 children (Replacement Fertility) c. Traffic police handed out condoms on New Year’s Eve, now known as “Cops & Rubbers Day!” d. Carts to dispense birth control pills and spermicidal foams at bus stations and public events. e. Open vasectomy clinics (sterilization is the #1 form of birth control in Thailand) f. On the King’s Birthday, PCDA offers free vasectomies!

83. Reasons for Thailand’s Decrease in Population Rate High literacy rate among woman (90%) High literacy rate among woman (90%) Advances in woman’s rights Advances in woman’s rights Better health care for mothers and children Better health care for mothers and children Openness of Thai Lander's to new ideas Openness of Thai Lander's to new ideas Support of family planning by religious leaders (95% Buddhist) Support of family planning by religious leaders (95% Buddhist) Government financial support – economic incentives – family planners can apply for low interest loans to install toilets, drinking water systems, and farmers can install irrigation systems. Government financial support – economic incentives – family planners can apply for low interest loans to install toilets, drinking water systems, and farmers can install irrigation systems.

84. Problems Still Facing Thai Lander's Pollution (increase in resource use per capita) Bangkok is one of the most polluted and congested cities in the world. Pollution (increase in resource use per capita) Bangkok is one of the most polluted and congested cities in the world. Increased environmental degradation. Increased environmental degradation. Public Health (respiratory problems on the rise, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases are rampant (prostitution is legal). Public Health (respiratory problems on the rise, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases are rampant (prostitution is legal).

85. Population in Japan 1949-1956 (Post - WWII) – cut birth rate, TFR & population growth rates by 50%! 1949-1956 (Post - WWII) – cut birth rate, TFR & population growth rates by 50%! TFR in 1949 was 4.5, in 1998 was 1.8 and it is on the decline still. TFR in 1949 was 4.5, in 1998 was 1.8 and it is on the decline still. How? How? Family Planning Services and Stressed Resources (Japan has no natural resources, they import all necessary raw materials and process it in Japan). Family Planning Services and Stressed Resources (Japan has no natural resources, they import all necessary raw materials and process it in Japan). Zero immigration rate = “pure population of Japanese” Population = 99% Japanese! Zero immigration rate = “pure population of Japanese” Population = 99% Japanese! Economic burden of caring for elderly. Economic burden of caring for elderly. Declining workforce = lead the world in automated technology. Declining workforce = lead the world in automated technology. Japan has reached Zero Population Increase…now the world watches to see how they handle these issues in the future. Japan has reached Zero Population Increase…now the world watches to see how they handle these issues in the future.

86. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 19501970199020102030205020702090211021302150 Year Age Distribution (%) Under age 15 Age 60 or overAge 80 or over

87. Please Read Chapter 10 The Urban World. This chapter will not be covered in class!!!