1. INTRODUCTION OF MATERIAL SCIENCE (SFB 2013) NUR SUHADAH BINTI OTHMAN (1120229)

2. METAL Ferrous alloy and non ferrous alloy

3. Ferrous alloy Ferrous alloys are obtained from iron ore. You might recognize the letters ‘Fe’ from the periodic table, where they represent iron. Ferrous fact  Iron replaced bronze as the principal metal by 1000 BC.  Early pots and pans made from iron poisoned the users!  Early steels were made by adding carbon to iron as it was melted over a charcoal fire. Ferrous alloys:  contain iron  will corrode unless protected  are attracted by a magnet  are strong, rigid and cheap. EXAMPLE Cast iron Mild steel Carbon steel

4. SOME FERROUS METALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES NAMEALLOY OFPROPERTIESUSES Mild Steel Carbon 0.1 - 0.3% Iron 99.9 - 99.7% Tough. High tensile strength. Can be case hardened. Rusts very easily. Most common metal used in school workshops. Used in general metal products and engineering. Carbon Steel Carbon 0.6 - 1.4% Iron 99.4 - 98.6% Tough. Can be hardened and tempered. Cutting tools such as drills. Stainless Steel Iron, nickel and chromium Tough, resistant to rust and stains. Cutlery, medical instruments. Cast Iron Carbon 2 - 6% Iron 98 - 94% Strong but brittle. Compressive strength very high. Castings, manhole covers, engines. Wrought IronAlmost 100% iron Fibrous, tough, ductile, resistant to rusting. Ornamental gates and railings. Not in much use today.

5. Non-ferrous alloy Non-ferrous alloys do not contain iron. These are pure metals used by designers, manufacturers and engineers in a wide variety of applications Non-ferrous facts  Aluminum is the most common non-ferrous alloy, found in abundance in bauxite ore.  Non-ferrous alloys are not magnetic. Non-ferrous alloy:  contain no iron  are not attracted by a magnet.  they have excellent resistance to corrosion.  Low weight EXAMPLE: Copper Aluminum Lead Zinc

7. Copper Copper as an engineering metal came to prominence during the industrial revolution, up to then it was considered only for its decorative value and utensils value and on roofing. Properties of copper include  Malleability - the ability to be beaten or rolled into shape.  Ductility - The ability to be drawn into shape as in the manufacture of copper wire.  Copper is a good conductor of heat and electricity. 7

8. Aluminum  Aluminum is one of the most versatile of metals. It is only of engineering significance since the late twenties, when it became possible to produce it in commercial quantities. Next to steel it is the most used metal in the world. Yet the production of aluminum is only 6% that of steel.  Aluminum has a wide range of uses, from cooking foil to aircraft. Its properties make it suitable for many applications. It is light does not corrode, is a good conductor of electricity and heat and is cheaper than copper.  Aluminum can be cast, extruded, rolled, forged, drawn,etc., to give us the numerous shapes of the aluminum objects that we see everyday.

9. Lead  Lead is one of those metals which have been used for many ages. The Romans used lead to duct water to their baths. Batteries are the main users of lead nowadays as it has found to be dangerous in many other applications. Petrol used lead to aid the lubrication of the fuel system.  Lead is a toxic material and is being replaced by other materials in places like drainpipes, guttering etc.  Lead-tin alloys of solder are essential to the electrical industry and are known as soft-solders(approx 60%tin-40% lead). Other uses of lead include the sheathing of underground telecommunication cables, bearing metals, radiation protection shields (X-ray and Nuclear). 9

10. Zinc  Zinc is a white silvery metal which is a poor conductor of both electricity and heat. It is mostly used as a source of protecting steel I the form of galvanized steel. It is usually applied by hot-dipping the steel in vats of molten zinc, But is also applied by electroplating.  Zinc is used in dry-cell batteries such as those for torches and radios etc. It is alloyed with other metals to make die castings.  One of its main uses is its alloy with copper to make brass. 10

11. NAMECOLOUR ALLOY OF;PROPERTIESUSES Aluminium Light grey Aluminium 95% Copper 4% Manganese 1% Ductile, soft, malleable, machines well. Very light. Window frames, aircraft, kitchen ware. Copper Reddish brown Not an alloy Ductile, can be beaten into shape. Conducts electricity and heat. Electrical wiring, tubing, kettles, bowls, pipes. Brass Yellow Mixture of copper and zinc 65% - 35% most common ratio. Hard. Casts and machines well. Surface tarnishes. Conducts electricity. Parts for electrical fittings, ornaments. Silver Whitish grey Mainly silver but alloyed with copper to give sterling silver. Ductile, Malleable, solders, resists corrosion. Jewellery, solder, ornaments. Lead Bluish grey Not an alloy. Soft, heavy, ductile, loses its shape under pressure. Solders, pipes, batteries,