1. Young people have a particular relationship with the world. There are many groupings (subcultures) that have interests different from those of the mainstream culture. They often defined by fashion, clothing, hairstyles. For example, in the United States mods were associated with scooters; rockers were associated with motorcycles. All youth subcultures were associated with specific music styles. A particular cultural grouping is a way for young people to express their individuality. It is a way of life. By the mid-60s teenagers had begun to form distinct cultural groupings: hackers, rockers, punks, skinheads, bikers, hippies, goths, mods.

2. The mod subculture originated in London in the late 1950s, and peaked in the early to mid 1960s. Elements of the mod lifestyle included music, clothes (often tailor-made), dancing and motorscooters. They wore modern Italian suits, liked jazz and blues. They spent more free time in nightclubs and coffee bars. Then hard mods appeared. They were rougher, and got their hair cropped short. The hard mods soon transformed into the first skinheads. They wore three-button suits, shirts, Levi’s jeans and Dr.Marten’s boots. These first skinheads had no association with any political movements.

3. Goth subculture began in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s. The members of this subculture wear the black clothes with a lot of silver jewelry and have very black hair and look as thin and pale as possible. The members of this grouping gather together and talk about vampires,death and about the end of the world.

4. The hippie subculture was a young movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world. They dress in a shocking way to express his or her identity. They have brightly colored hair and wears metal chains. Their music is aggressive. They say NO to everything.

5. The punk subculture is a subculture that is based around punk rock. It appeared in the mid-to-late 1970s in the UK, the USA and Australia. Punk culture includes distinct styles of music, ideologies, fashion, visual art,dance, literature, and films. Music is the most important aspect of the punk subculture. Punk music is called punk rock. Most punk rock songs are short, lyric. They express punk values. Some common trends in recent punk politics include anti-militarism, anti-racism, anti-capitalism, anti-nationalism and animal rights.

6. People with a deep understanding of how the computers work,and can do things with computers that seem ‘magical” are hackers. First hackers (computer programmers and system designers) knew everything about computers. They were specialists of the “highest class”. Hackers found the World Wide Web and the Internet. They were members of the Tech Model Railroad Club and were the “fathers” of software movement. Nowadays hackers are people who can break into computers using programs written by others with very little knowledge about the way they work.

7. Rockers are members of a subculture that started in the United Kingdom in the 1960s among motorcycle riding youth. The first rockers were known for their motorcycles,but by the 1960s, their subculture became associated with a specific music (rock-and-roll). Rockers wore heavily-decorated leather motorcycle jackets with metal studs, pin badges, patches and so on. When they rode their motorcycles,they usually wore an open –face helmet and a white silk scarf,leather caps, Levi’s jeans or leather trousers and tall motorcycle boots. In summer they wore T-shorts.

8. Skinheads, named for their shaven heads, are a working –class subculture. It was organized in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s,and then spread to other parts of the world. The first skinheads were influenced by British mods and West Indian rude boys. They had their own fashion, music and lifestyle. Tattoos have been popular among many skinheads since at least the 1970s.In 1980s Britain,many skinheads had tattoos on their faces or foreheads : spider webs, bulldogs, music logos, national flags, crossed hammers, weapons, and different slogans.

9. Psychiatrist Armando R. Favazza stated : ‘Current thinking holds that many people-especially those belonging to nonconformist groups-get tattoos to demonstrate there defiance of traditional authority to display a stereotyped symbol of physical strength and aggressiveness, and solidarity with other group members”

10. Define - определять Mainstream culture - основная культура Distinct - индивидуальный, отличный от других Originate - создавать Rougher - грубее At least - по крайней мере Nonconformist groups - противники англиканской церкви Defiance - вызывающее поведение Authority - власть