1. strategy Faersch and Kasper (1980): ”a potentially conscious plan for solving what to the individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular goal” Lőrcher (1991): ”a potentially consious procedure for the solution of a problem which an individual is faced with when translating a text segment from one language into another” 1compiled by Anna Bączkowska

2. Method, procedure, technique, plan, strategy method – concerned with a text as a whole, solving global problems Procedure – concerned with sentence and phrase level Technique – solving ‘local’ problems Plan – mental action, macroaction, global concept, Strategy - Lőrcher (1991), procedural knowledge, means of reaching a plan 2compiled by Anna Bączkowska

3. Idioms - Gottlieb 8 strategies (later 12), 4 relations and 3-grade scale of quality STRATEGIES 1.Congruence: SL i > identical TL i 2.Equivalence: SL i > similar TL i 3.Correspondence: SL i > different TL i 4.Reduction: SL i > TL word 5.Paraphrase: SL i > TL phrase 6.Expansion: SL i > TL circumlocution 7.Omission: SL i > 0 8.Compensation: SL non-i > TL idiom 3compiled by Anna Bączkowska

4. Gottlieb 2 - relations Adherence: congruence (i>identical i), equivalence (i>similar i), correspondence (i>different i)  [I > I] Literalisation: reduction (i>w), paraphrase (i>phrase), expansion (i>circumlocution)  [I > NI] Deletion: omission (i>0) Idiomatisation: compensation (ni>i) 4compiled by Anna Bączkowska

5. Gottlieb 3 – scale of quality Correspondent Insufficient Defective Based on the author’s subjective judgements, no definition provided by the author 5compiled by Anna Bączkowska

6. Gottlieb – 12 strategies (quality judements) based on a combination of 4 relations and scale of quality RELATION QUALITY STRATEGY Adherence correspondent transposition (i>i) insufficient emulation defective falsification Literalisation correspondent paraphrase (i>ni) insufficient reduction defective lesion Deletion correspondent elimination insufficient lacuna defective amputation Idiomatisation correspondent elaboration insufficient complication defective alienation 6compiled by Anna Bączkowska

7. Vinay and Darbelnet’s procedures and techniques (1958) Borrowing /loanword: holus-bolus (from Gr. Holus-’all’ and bolus ‘entire’; Eng. All together Calque – „special kind of borrowing”, an expression form is borrowed and next translated literally (each element); 2 subtypes: lexical and structural ; eg. "Alleinvertretungsanspruch" can be calqued to "single-representation-claim"Alleinvertretungsanspruch Literal translation = word-for-word translation, „ a direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text” 7compiled by Anna Bączkowska

8. Vinay and Darbelnet’s 2 procedures and techniques (1958) Transposition – „replacing one word class [lexical-syntactic] with another without changing the meaning” Modulation – „a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view” 8compiled by Anna Bączkowska

9. Ivir’s procedures (translation of culture) To resolve „differences in the extralinguistic reality of the two cultures” -Borrowing of SL expression -Definition –allows for what TL/C know „to make them aware of what they don’t know”, it’s „reducing the unknown to the known and the unshared to the shared” -Literal translation 9compiled by Anna Bączkowska

10. Ivir’s procedures - 2 (translation of culture) Substitution- used when two cultures display a partial overlap (rathern than complete absence/presence); „a source cultural element finds not an empty slot but sth like it” Lexical creation: 1. invention- football>Hr. Nogomet (foot=noga + met) 2. New collocations – soft drinks>Hr. Bezalkoholna piéa 3. Omission – guten apttit > En. ø 10compiled by Anna Bączkowska

11. Mailhac’s procedures (1996) cultural reference 3: Exoticism with minimum presence of the translator, exoticism with maximum presence of the translator, cultural transplantation CR parameters which influence procedures: - Cultural borrowing; literal translation; definition; cultural substitution; lexical creation (from Ivir); deliberate omission; compensation, combination of procedures; footnote 11compiled by Anna Bączkowska

12. Aixela’s procedures (1996) culture-specific items Shows degrees of intercultural manipulation (categorization of culture-specific items); conservation vs. substitution procedures CONSERVATION PROCEDURES 1.Repetition (leaving as much as possible from ST) 2.Orthographic adaptation (transliteration, transcription; Newmark’s naturalisation; Catford’s transference) 3.Linguistic (non-cultural) translation (word close to SL but with increased comprehensibility, TL version has obvious connotations with SL, e.g. 12compiled by Anna Bączkowska

13. Aixela’s procedures (1996) culture-specific items 2 4. Linguistic (non-cultural) translation (word close to SL but with increased comprehensibility, TL verstion has obvious connotations with SL, e.g. En. Grand Jury, Sp. Grand jurado (in US – wielka ława przysięgłych) 5. Extratextual gloss (footnote, endnote, commentary, translation in brackets, etc.) 6. Intratextual gloss (integral part of the text, e.g. St. Mark > Hotel St. Mark) 13compiled by Anna Bączkowska

14. Aixela’s procedures (1996) culture-specific items 3 SUTSTITUTION PROCEDURES Synonymy (Bacardi>Bacardi; Bacardi> rum; to avoid repetition) Limited universalisation (TW belongs to Source Culture but is closer to TC reader; eg. American football > balon de rugby Sp. Absolute universalisation (deleting any foreign connotations>neutral; corned beef (peklowana w puszcze)>loncha de jamon (slices of ham) Naturalisation (=Ivir’s substitution; =Vinay and Darbelnet’s adaptation; =Nemark’s cultural equivalent; Deletion 14compiled by Anna Bączkowska

15. Aixela’s procedures (1996) culture-specific items 4 Autonomous creation – putting in nonexistent cultural reference (source specific) in the S text Attentuation – replacing ‘too strong’ or unacceptable words by ‘softer’ words, on ideological grounds Compensation = deletion + autonomous creation 15compiled by Anna Bączkowska

16. Hervey and Higgins (1992) degrees of cultural transposition (DCT) DCT – degree of departure from literal translation, aim is to minimise the ‘foreign’ and naturalise to TL Exoticism-”resorts to linguistic and cultural strangeness” (p. 30) cultural transplantation-complete rewriting of the entire text for the T audience Cultural borrowing – transferring ST expression verbatim >TT 16compiled by Anna Bączkowska

17. Hervey and Higgins (1992) degrees of cultural transposition (DCT) 2 Calque (=literal translation) – „an expression that consists of TL words and respects TL syntax, but is unidiomatic in the TL because it is modelled on the structure of a SL expression” (p. 33). Bad calque: imitates SL structure to the point of being ungrammatical in the TL; good calque: reaches a compromise between a ST structure and TL grammar 17compiled by Anna Bączkowska

18. Hervey and Higgins (1992) degrees of cultural transposition (DCT) 3 Communicative translation – communicative equivalents: includes proverbs, idioms, conventional phrases (Beware of the dog > Vorsicht, bissiger Hund); c. paraphrase: set phrases of SL do not have communicative TL equivalents (=Newmark’s neutralisation) 18compiled by Anna Bączkowska