1. The First Global Age Between 1400 and 1800, increased global interaction brought many changes to the world.

2. Globalization is the process by which the regions, peoples, and economies of the world are becoming increasingly interconnected.

3. The world’s regions became more connected as the movement of people, goods, and ideas increased. The global population tripled – from about 375 million in 1400 to 950 million in 1800 New technologies revolutionized travel, communication and warfare. States took on increased political and military power New ideas and scientific knowledge influenced society and culture Several key developments took place during this time

4. Networks of trade and culture expanded greatly during this time The best example of this was the new contact between the “Old World” of Africa, Europe, and Asia, and the new world of the Americas.

5. The most direct cause of the global age was increased sea travel and exploration. Beginning in the late 1400s, European countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean launched sea expeditions and explored the world.

6. European explorers of this era were not the first to travel great distances by ship. The Vikings crossed the North Atlantic years before, traveling as far as Newfoundland.

7. European explorers of this era were not the first to travel great distances by ship. Arab, Indian, and Chinese sailors regularly traveled the seas between Asia and Africa.

8. Zheng He of China commanded ships much larger than European ships and very likely could have established Chinese colonies on the American West Coast, but the Ming Dynasty in China ordered the destruction of the ships and an end to exploration, fearing that these journeys would open the door to foreign customs and ideas that could alter China’s own customs.

9. E conomic – deals with issues of obtaining wealth P olitical – deals with issues of government Europe, however, developed sea travel and used it to serve their economic and political goals. * As a result, these European empires would grow and become very wealthy.

10. Motives for Sea Travel 1. Increase Trade European countries wanted to establish direct sea routes to Asia so they could reduce costs and time in traveling to Asia to buy and sell goods.

11. Motives for Sea Travel 2. Increase political and military power Gaining more wealth from overseas trade allowed European countries to spend more on their military, which made them more powerful than other nations.

12. Motives for Sea Travel 3. The spread of religious and secular ideas Many Europeans saw the opportunity to spread Christianity to others. Others wanted to learn more about the world.

13. The Renaissanc e Ideals of the Renaissance helped inspire the thirst for greater knowledge of the world. The Renaissance was the flowering of arts and culture that began in Italy in the 1300s and later spread to the rest of Europe.

14. Portugal The aim of the Portuguese was to find a sea route to Asia by sailing south and east, around Africa.

15. Portugal The Portuguese would round Africa in 1488 and ten years later reach India. They would continue on through the Indian Ocean to reach southeast Asia and southern China.

16. Spain The Spanish sailed west in the belief that Asia lay just across the Atlantic.

17. Spain In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas and claimed the land for Spain. He thought he had reached the Indies (which is why he mistakenly called the people on the land Indians).

18. Spain In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out to reach Asia by sailing around South America. This voyage was the first to completely circle the globe.

19. The Portuguese arrived in Brazil in 1500 The English, French, and Dutch formed colonies in North America and the Caribbean

20. Later in the 1700s, Captain James Cook led expeditions to the Pacific Ocean and explored Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and the west coast of North America.

21. The Impact of Exploration With new discoveries, people gained a better understanding of their world. In the Middle Ages, Europeans believed Jerusalem was the center of the world, but exploration gave them a more accurate view.

22. The Impact of Exploration The world was more connected. The world trading system nearly doubled in size, starting the move toward a global economy.

23. The movement of people, ideas, and technologies increased greatly. The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases had a major impact on the environment. The Impact of Exploration

24. One of the greatest tragedies during this time was the spread of European diseases that caused the death of millions of Native Americans.

25. The Impact of Exploration Also tragic was the enslavement and forced migration of millions of Africans to America. Increased contact of among different racial and ethnic groups had significant effects on society and cultures.

26. Growth of European Power and Influence In the Middle Ages, Asia led the way in advanced civilization and held most of the power. By the end of the 1700s, though, Europe had emerged as the dominant force and was spreading its culture around the world. Westernization – the spread of ideas and values originating in Europe and the Western World

27. As the world expanded, the power of states and empires also grew.

28. Absolute Rule in Europe In western Europe, powerful monarchs began to take control in the 1500s. Before this, feudal lords and the Catholic Church had limited the power of kings and queens. Because these rulers now had absolute power, their form of rule was known as absolutism. Like the Mandate of Heaven in China, European monarchs claimed that their power and authority came from God, a concept known as divine right.

29. European kings backed their rule with military force because nation-states wanted to secure their borders and sometimes expand them.

30. European rulers paid for their new military power with taxes, bank loans, and the wealth from global trade and commerce. This commercialization of warfare was a key factor in …

31. The Gunpowder Revolution New military advances resulted from the development of gunpowder weaponry. Strong states used gunpowder weapons to conquer territory and build large, land-based empires.

32. Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks built one of the most powerful empires, and in 1453 captured Constantinople.

33. The Russian Empire Expanding outward from Moscow, Russian rulers conquered surrounding territories. Ivan the Terrible “To show his sovereignty over the lives of his subjects, Ivan, in his walk or progresses, if he disliked the face or person of any man whom he met by the way, or that looked upon him, would command their head to be struck off. Which was presently done, and the head cast before him.”

34. Safavid Dynasty In Persia, the Safavid Empire arose in the early 1500s.

35. Muslim invaders from Central Asia took power in India and established the Mughal Empire, which lasted from 1526 – 1707.

36. In China, the Ming dynasty ruled until 1644, followed by the Qing dynasty. They restricted European access to Chinese trade.

37. In the 1500s, Japan also built a centralized state under strong military rulers, called shoguns. They founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, and these rulers maintained tight control and isolated Japan from most foreign affairs.

38. Emerging European Dominance Despite their success, most of the gunpowder empires had declined by the late 1700s. Asia’s power was beginning to fade.

39. A rapid expansion of trade and commerce transformed Europe, starting in the 1500s. Commercial Revolution Spain and Portugal profited off of the resources and markets of their overseas colonies. Britain and Holland devised new ways of business and banking. These changes gave rise to…

40. Capitalism Capitalism is an economic system in which all resources are privately owned and markets determine how those resources are distributed.

41. Ideas and culture were changing too. New ways of looking at the world swept across Europe from new religious beliefs to secular principles of science.

42. Atlantic Empires Spain and Portugal formed the first American colonies in the late 1400s. A century later, the British, French, and Dutch colonized other areas in North America.

43. Small armies of Spanish conquerors, known as conquistadors, defeated the Aztec and Inca empires, destroying civilizations that whose roots went back thousands of years. In their place, Spain established a colonial empire that stretched from the American Southwest to the southern tip of South America.

44. Small armies of Spanish conquerors, known as conquistadors, defeated the Aztec and Inca empires, destroying civilizations that whose roots went back thousands of years. In their place, Spain established a colonial empire that stretched from the American Southwest to the southern tip of South America.

45. The social structure of the Spanish colonies was largely based on race. White colonists were on top. Beneath them were the mestizos – mixed race descendants of Europeans and Indians. At the bottom were native Indians.

46. The spread of Catholic beliefs was a great motivation behind Spanish conquest. While most sought after fame and fortune, Spanish conquerors also believed they were doing the work of God by converting native Indians to the Christian faith.

47. Silver mining became the main economic activity in the Spanish colonies. Silver had an enormous impact on the world economy. Minted into coins, it dramatically increased Europe’s money supply.

48. Imported silver made monarchs wealthier, but also increased individual personal fortunes, as well. This opened the door for the rise of capitalism. However, the sudden increase in money supply also caused… Inflation – rising prices, usually caused by an increase in the money supply.

49. The Spanish crown granted some colonists land for farming, called haciendas. Though this helped encourage colonization, these were not major economic enterprises.

50. Plantations, however, were large estates that grew crops for export, including sugar, cacao, tobacco, indigo, and cotton. Sugar was the first plantation crop and during the 1700s, all colonial producers made huge fortunes supplying sugar to the world market.

51. Columbian Exchange The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the eastern and western hemisphere is known as the Columbian Exchange.

52. Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange had a major impact on the world’s cultures and environment. More than a third of the crops grown in China today originally came from the Americas. But there were negative effects, as well. Some plants brought over from Europe grew out of control in America. Rats from the Old World became a plague across the Americas. Worst of all, many diseases carried by Europeans spread like a wildfire in the New World.

53. Native Americans had no immunity to diseases that people from Europe and Asia had. They had never been exposed to smallpox, measles, influenza and other common illnesses. Native Americans started dying in horrific numbers. Scholars say at least 50 percent of the native population was killed, amounting to tens of millions of people. Some historians called this The Great Dying

54. The spread of deadly diseases made the European conquest of the Americas much easier. It also deprived the colonizers of Native American workers, and so, the colonies began to import black slaves from Africa.

55. African Slaves Spain brought the first African slaves to the West Indies in 1502. A few decades later the Portuguese would import slaves to Brazil. By the 1800s, more than ten million African slaves had been shipped to the Americas. Around one in six died on the voyage over.

56. Slavery had existed since ancient times. The Sumerians, Greeks, Romans, and Arabs had all used slaves. However, most slaves in the ancient world were debtors or prisoners of war. Africa too had long used slavery, and began trading slaves with the Europeans in the 1400s. Eventually, it would become a lucrative trading market involving most European empires. Slavery

57. The slave trade also supported plantation economies rooted in violence, leaving a legacy of racism and inequality that still persists to this day. But, it also brought millions of Africans to the western hemisphere and spread African culture to the New World.

58. The slave trade uprooted millions of Africans and tore apart African societies. It also strengthened African states and warlords involved in the slave trade.

59. Spreading Faith in Americas Several major religious extended their global reach during this period. In Spanish America, Catholic priests converted millions of American Indians to Christianity. The British and French also brought Christianity to their North American colonies.

60. Catholic missionaries also traveled to Africa and Asia. Both Spain and Portugal forced Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave, which made both countries uniformly Catholic.

61. I slam Islam also expanded during this time. The Ottomans carried it to Southeastern Europe and the Mughals spread it across much of India. Muslim traders and missionaries also took Islam to the East Indies and Southeast Asia.

62. Buddhism In Asia, Buddhism gained a wider following. Mongols converted in the 1500s and later it would gain strength in China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia.

63. During this time, new ideas and ways of thinking arose in Europe. Artists and thinkers of the Renaissance revived classical art and culture and helped shape new ways of viewing the world. Humanism – a Renaissance philosophy emphasizing the worth of the individual and balancing religious faith with secular learning

64. Renaissanc e The Renaissance was a flowering of culture, based on classical Greek and Roman ideas, that began in Italy in and around 1300 and later spread throughout Europe.

65. By encouraging new ways of thinking, the Renaissance helped pave the way for the Reformation, which split the Catholic Church and gave birth to Protestant religion.

66. Reformation It began in 1517 with the actions of Martin Luther, a German monk and teacher. He believed the church had grown corrupt and called for reform as well as a more personal approach to faith. The

67. Around 1450, German inventor Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, which allowed Luther’s Protestant ideas to spread beyond Germany. The Printing Press

68. Also, the printing press enabled common men to obtain and read personal copies of the Bible rather than solely rely on the teachings of clergy for its content. Gutenberg’s printing press used moveable type and could turn out 300 pages a day.

69. By the 1600s, scholars and thinkers inspired by the Renaissance and the discoveries of the global age had begun to study the natural world in new ways. They applied the power of reason to the observation of nature, and this led to a new approach to learning called the…

70. Scientific Revolution

71. New ideas also emerged about the workings of society and government. Scientific principles were applied to the study of human affairs, which brought about a new age of reason. This was known as the Enlightenment.

72. Some European monarchs were drawn to the Enlightenment and tried to govern according to its principles. They wanted to modernize their societies and promote economic progress.

73. For the most part, however, the Enlightenment undermined the rule of kings. It promoted the idea of democratic rights and freedoms. In the end, these ideas would give rise to reform movements and revolutions around the world.

74. The End