1. DO NOW8/20/14  Which type of connective tissue does each of the following:  Strongly connect things: _______________  Absorb shock in our joints: _____________  Store fat: _______________  Provide the framework for the body:________  Connects epithelia to deeper tissue:__________  Transport and maintain an internal balance: ______________________

2. DO NOW 8/20/14  Which type of connective tissue does each of the following:  Strongly connect things: Dense Conn. Tiss.  Absorb shock in our joints: Cartilage  Store fat: Adipose Tissue  Provide the framework for the body: Bone  Connects epithelia to deeper tissue: Loose Conn. Tiss.  Transport and maintain an internal balance: Blood

3. TODAY’S TISSUES: MUSCLE & NERVOUS  By the end of class, we will be able to describe the structure and function of muscle and nervous tissue.

4. MUSCLE TISSUE  Location:  Makes the heart  Attached to bones  Surrounds the walls of some organs  Purpose:  Movement  Facts: Contractile

5. CLASSIFICATIONS…  Smooth (involuntary)  intestines  Skeletal (voluntary)  bicep  Cardiac (involuntary)  Heart

6. STRIATIONS  Alternating light and dark bands due to overlapping protein filaments  Found in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue

7. Types of Muscle Tissue StructureFunction (voluntary/ involuntary) LocationPicture SkeletalLong, striated fibers, many nuclei CardiacShort, striated fibers, one or two nuclei, intercalated discs SmoothNonstriated, one nucleus

8. MUSCLE CRAMPS…  Involuntary or voluntary?  WHY?  Sick, over-exertion, dehydration

9. NERVOUS TISSUE…  Location:  Brain  Spinal cord  Nerves  Purpose:  Receive, process, and regulate sensory information

10. NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS Neurons  Send nerve impulses Glial Cells  Support, protect, nourish neurons

11. FACTS…  Nerve cells (Neurons) connect to each other and other body parts  There are over 7 TRILLION neurons in the body  There are over 1 BILLION nerves

12. TISSUE POSTERS  Four types of tissue  Location of tissue  Purpose/function of each tissue  Classification of tissue  Drawing of each type of tissue  Creativity/color  Neatness

14. HOMEOSTASIS

15.  Maintaining a healthy environment inside the body with the organs working together to control factors within normal boundaries such as:  body temperature  blood pressure  blood sugar  water balance  sodium levels

16. Stimulus Receptor Control Center Effector Homeostasis Change in variable Structure that detects change in variable Initiates change based on input from receptor Structure that causes change to stimulus Internal balance returned Afferent pathway Efferent pathway

17. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK  Conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction triggers a reaction in the opposite direction

18. EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK  Body temperature rises above normal temperature  Body receptors detect change in temperature  Hypothalamus in the brain trigger signals to different organs  Human body starts sweating  Evaporation of sweat on the skin cools the body  Blood vessels close to the skin dilate to help release heat Write an example of a negative feedback loop if the body became too cold. Include stimulus, receptors, control center, effectors.

19. POSITIVE FEEDBACK  Conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a reaction in the same direction

20. LET’S GO FOR A JOG…

21. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE  Organ systems have a diminished ability to keep the body’s internal environment in a certain range  Example: type II diabetes  Insulin controls blood sugar levels and moves glucose out of bloodstream  Pancreas does not make enough insulin or cells do not respond normally to insulin  Could lead to kidney failure, limb amputations, blindness

22. METABOLISM  Metabolism = all chemical operations within the body  Anabolism = complex proteins constructed from simpler proteins  Catabolism = complex proteins broken down into simpler proteins  ATP from food we eat

23. EXIT TICKET 1. All chemical operations going on within the body are collectively known as: A. Metabolism B. Homeostasis C. Syndrome D. Pathology 2. Which body systems typically initiate homeostatic responses? 3. In breast feeding, the harder and more frequent the infant suckles, the more milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands and ducts. This phenomenon is called: A. Metabolism B. Anabolism C. Negative feedback D. Positive feedback 4. Describe what homeostasis is and how it helps to maintain health.

24. WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER ABOUT THE CELL MEMBRANE? 1.What does semi-permeable mean? 2.What is 1 thing the cell might want to let in? 3.What is 1 thing the cell might want to keep out? 4.Draw a sketch of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) and label a protein and a phospholipid.

25. CELL MEMBRANE  Composed of phospholipid bilayer (polar heads, nonpolar tails) and proteins  Integral proteins = embedded within  Peripheral proteins = not embedded within, attached loosely to the surface  Semi-permeable = only allows certain materials in and out of cell

26. PASSIVE TRANSPORT  Why? – cells must bring in nutrients and release waste without spending energy  How? – the desire or “urge” to reach equilibrium  Concentration gradient  What? – Diffusion  small materials move in and out of a cell until equilibrium is established

27. TYPES OF DIFFUSION  Simple diffusion = small nonpolar molecules moving down their concentration gradient that cannot be stopped by the membrane  Facilitated diffusion = small charged or polar solutes assisted through the cell membrane by channel proteins  Osmosis = water enters and leaves the cell from high concentration to low concentration http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/bio logy1111/animations/transport1.html

28. TONICITY  Isotonic – solution and cell have same concentration of ions  Hypotonic – solution has lower concentration of ions than cell  Hypertonic – solution has higher concentration of ions than cell

29. PRACTICE…  Describe the tonicity of the solution.  Describe the tonicity of the cell.  Explain how the cell will achieve homeostasis.

30. TONICITY

31. ACTIVE TRANSPORT  Why? – living cells often require the uptake of molecules that are scarce in their environment  How? – Cell uses energy to transport something from low to high concentration across the cell membrane  Ex: Sodium Potassium (Na+/K+) Pump

32. THE DOCTOR SAYS… 1.The liver produces a protein called albumin. The major function of albumin is to exert osmotic pressure to pull fluid back into the blood. Predict what happens to osmotic pressure in a patient who has cirrhosis of the liver and is not producing adequate levels of albumin. 2.In a patient with pneumonia (a respiratory condition that results in lower levels of oxygen in the blood), will diffusion of oxygen increase, decrease, or stay the same in comparison to normal? Explain.

33. AREAS TO REVIEW FOR THE TEST  Body regions  Relative directions  Body cavities  Characteristics of life  Cell organelles – function  Cell cycle – cancer, stem cells  Homeostasis/metabolism  Active & passive transport SPELLING COUNTS!