2.  http://www.statedclearly.com/ http://www.statedclearly.com/

3. BASICS  DNA is hereditary information  It is located in the nucleus of a cell  DNA is a long polymer made up of many monomers The building blocks are called nucleotides ○ There are four nucleotides A = T C = G

5. Two Jobs 1. Pass on information to offspring Divide the material in half and put into gametes Allows for a full set of chromosomes after fertilization 2. Tell the body what to do by building proteins!

6. DNA Replication  DNA “unzips”  Nucleotides fill in missing strands resulting in two identical DNA strands

7.  http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwana maker/animations/DNA%20Replication %20-%20long%20.html http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwana maker/animations/DNA%20Replication %20-%20long%20.html

8. Interpret and respond. Draw or write:

9. DNA as Instructions  DNA is a code for building proteins  Proteins construct our body Our blood cells, skin cells, hormones, enzymes, toe nails etc.  When our body needs to make a new protein or part it needs to “read” its DNA

10. Review - Proteins  Proteins are a polymer chain  The monomer of proteins are amino acids Proteins are made of amino acids  There are 20 amino acids  The structure or shape of a protein determines its job

11. Many, many shapes of proteins

12. Making proteins from DNA  Ribosomes located in the cytoplasm of a cell build proteins coded for in our DNA  DNA is too large to leave the nucleus though ○ So how do we do it?

13. Step one - Scribe  What did a scribe do?  What do you think it means to transcribe?

14. 1. Transcription  The gene that is needed will unwind  The portion to be made will be duplicated into a single complementary RNA strand STEP 1 ○ DNA STRAND = A T C G T T ○ RNA STRAND =_______________  RNA does not have T’s! Instead they use U’s. STEP 2 ○ Change all T’s in your sequence to U’s!

15.  This RNA strand can leave the nucleus  It will attach to a ribosome

16. Translate – what does it mean?

17. 2. Translation  Once attached to the ribosome the ribosome will start to interpret or translate the RNA strand into amino acids Remember a string of amino acids makes a protein!  Every three nucleotides codes for one amino acid This is called a codon

18. Translation animation http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Bio_Images/20%20Molecular%20 Genetics/17%20Translation.GIF

19.  Step 3 – count off and mark every 3 nucleotides in the RNA strand Three nucleotides to a reading frame!  Step 4 – use the codon wheel to identify the amino acids that are coded for!

23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MQdXjRPHmQ

24. A change in the genetic code

25. 1. The sky is blue and the sun shines. 2. The sky is red and the sun shines. 3. The sky is green black sun hot rays fell 4. The sky is blue and green sky sky

26. Point Mutation  Single nucleotide is substituted  Affects one amino acid

27. Frameshift mutation  Deletion or insertion of a nucleotide  Changes the reading frame for following sequence

28. http://www.brainpop.com/health/geneticsgrowthanddevelo pment/geneticmutations/

29.  Not all mutations are bad! Mutations account for variation in a species Its how certain physical characteristics started developing in organisms If a mutation arises and it helps an organism compete, that mutation will be passed down to more offspring

30.  Some mutations are bad!  There are two types of mutations Point mutation ○ Substitution Frame Shift mutation ○ Deletion ○ Insertion

32. Genetics Disorders  Caused by a single point mutation  Sickled blood cells clog capillaries reducing and sometime cutting off blood flow and oxygen supply  Caused by one of 900 identified mutations to genes for mucus production in the lungs  Cells produce too much mucus clogging the lungs

33.  Genes that instruct cell growth and division (MITOSIS) are mutated  The cell doesn’t know when to stop dividing  Cells become invasive damaging surrounding tissues and disrupting homeostasis

34. Kleinfelter Syndrome  XXY

35. Turner Syndrome XX