1. Child maltreatment, inequality and poverty Paul Bywaters P.Bywaters@Coventry.ac.uk

2. Inequity in Child Welfare

3. Inequities in Child Welfare 1.In who receives children’s services interventions: chances 2.In how services respond: experiences 3.In outcomes Do children’s services reflect, reproduce, reinforce or reduce social inequities?

4. Problems with the evidence 1.No official data collected about family circumstances 2.No official data on incidence or prevalence of maltreatment, have to use CPPs as proxy 3.No data at a level of geography below LA 4.Limited data on ethnicity

5. 2 Nuffield Studies + JRF Review: The Relationship between Poverty and CAN 1.West Midlands study: 10% of all UK children; 13 LAs. 2.Four Nations Study (CWIP): 13% of English children; 18 LAs 100% of Welsh (22 LAs) and NI children (5 HSCBs) 50% of Scottish children (10 LAs)

6. 4 key concepts from health inequalities 1.Relationship between social determinants and intervention rates 2.Social gradient 3.Intersectionality 4.Inverse care law

8. Relationship between social determinants and intervention rates

9. Social gradient

10. Intersectionality

11. Distribution of Child Population by Ethnic Category Percentage of West Midlands Children Aged 0-17 by Ethnic Category and Deprivation Quintile (5 is most deprived.) 12345N WBRI15.319.918.319.327.2824553 WOTH7.912.114.318.946.924565 MWBC4.97.411.418.657.635204 MWBA6.811.211.518.951.64845 MWAS10.112.413.617.846.118224 MOTH8.19.612.317.852.210938 ABAN1.41.84.58.084.322016 AIND8.810.715.319.046.349772 AOTH4.66.210.017.761.522031 APKN1.52.35.612.378.389318 BCRB1.53.48.214.472.417210 BAFR1.72.95.512.177.822978 BOTH1.22.25.111.879.712355 CHNE12.216.512.118.141.15152

12. Intersectionality: Broad Categories West Midlands LAC rates (per 10000 children) overall and by ethnic category in the most disadvantaged quintile (Q5) Number of Children LAC LAC Rate Overall LAC Rate All Q5 White LAC Rate Q5 Mixed LAC Rate Q5 Asian LAC Rate Q5 Black LAC Rate Q5 All West Midlands Sample 713860.591.2122.1 N=2893 159.6 N=589 20.8 N=260 78.3 N=310

13. Intersectionality: Multiple Categories LAC Rates by Ethnic Category and Deprivation Quintile, where the number of children is greater than 10. 12345AllN = WBRI17.626.144.776.6125.464.95355 MWBC 69.157.4111.3126.1107.4378 MWBA 164.184.086.742 MWAS 64.577.3204.7124.0226 MOTH 124.496.5179.9245.0185.6203 AIND 10.614.310.452 APKN 11.920.918.8168 ABAN 21.020.445 AOTH 46.331.030.968 BCRB 72.9172.4142.9246 BAFR 50.539.140.593 ALL17.926.742.769.491.260.57138

14. Inverse Intervention Law Overall a child’s chances of an extreme child welfare intervention is much greater at higher levels of deprivation. But for any given level of neighbourhood deprivation, a child in a local authority with low overall deprivation is more likely to be on a CPP or to be a looked after child than a child in an equivalent neighbourhood in a very deprived local authority.

15. Inverse Intervention Law

16. Impact of IIL: Comparison of two LAs County actual numbers, 2012 sample Projected with Borough RatesDifference % Difference Expenditure per head, All 0-17, £, 2015 % of all aged 0-17 in Q5, 2014 CPP525143-382-72.782255.1 LAC605333-272-44.95373.8 Total1130477-653-57.8

17. Intervention rate model

18. Implications of an inequalities perspective 1.Data 2.Policy 3.Finances 4.Locus and focus of services 5.Practice 6.Inspection 7.Training 8.Research

19. To join the Child Welfare Inequalities Network on jiscmail go to www.jiscmail.ac.uk/childwelfareinequalities www.jiscmail.ac.uk/childwelfareinequalities To become a stakeholder in the Child Welfare Inequalities Project contact Sophie Blackmore ac0672@coventry.ac.uk ac0672@coventry.ac.uk

20. References