1. Climate changes and effects on vector borne-diseases and ecosystems Ann Albihn National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.

2. Climate change – more extreme weather events What we already have done decides the climate changes for the next 20-30years.

4. WHO estimated mortality attributable to climate change for the years 2000-2030 Based on several IPCC greenhouse gas emission scenarios Cardiovascular diseases, malaria, diarrhoea, flooding, malnutrition,…. Nature 2005, 438:310-317

5. The climate change causes health effects. The Lancet 2006, 367:859-866.

6. Foto C. Fugelsang

7. Potential for farming will change… more or less depending on: Region Production system Longer grassing season Increased exposure for parasites and insects New infectious diseases Extreme weather events Heat-stress Increased pressure against an sustainable animal production

8. Aquatic ecosystem is sensitive Water temperature increase – absorbing of heat Lower maturation of oxygen – high temperature More acidic water – CO 2 upptake Changed salt levels – e.g.increased precipitation Invasive exotic species – compete f. feed, space New pathogens – introduced by exotic species

9. Health effects of extreme climate events… can be magnified by land cover changes. Urban heat islands> 10C warmer increased heat storage vegetation/evaporation Land use changes also in rural areas naked soil/vegetation Pollution –night time cole off

10. Ecosystem changes –Migrations – increased spread of pathogens –Undernutrition – increased sensitivity for infections –New diseases may cause epizootics Immunological naive populations –Biodiversity decline May tip the ecological balance predator - pray birds - insects –Disturbed interaction vector-host- pathogen

11. Vector animals…

12. Smittämnens och vektorers geografiska o säsongsmässiga utbredningSmittämnens och vektorers geografiska o säsongsmässiga utbredning Foto C. Fugelsang Vector insects may be spread by the wind

13. The “dilution effect” of vector-borne diseases Vectors only take a limited number of bites in their lifetime. Some of these bites may be “wasted”…. if taken from species that are unable/non-competent to either amplify or transmit the pathogen. Biodiversity!

14. Relative importance of climatic factors in disease dynamics.. Climate changes may alter the geographical and seasonal patterns of infectious diseases. But… Epidemiological data is mostly restricted to a certain time period or to a specific region. Also other non-climatic environmental factors are of importance; –Pollution –Land degradation –Habitat fragmentation –Altered behavioural –Migration, trade Anyhow, rather convinced…

15. Global trade of animal and animal products - includes trade of pathogen microorganisms. * Legal * Illegal

16. Borrelia/Lyme diseases Tick-borne (Ixodes) Mice, etc. are reservoir species Many vertebrate species are hosts, mostly ”dead end host” Temperature, humidity Vegetation

17. Bluetongue affect ruminants In Fra., Germ., Netherlands,… since 2007 In Sweden since sept 2008 Competence of the vector in the north? Activity period of vector, multiplication of virus Infection only by the vector

18. West Nile Fever Moscito vector (Culex, Aedes sp) Birds are reservoir Rodents, humans, horses = ”dead end hosts” Influensalike and neurological symptoms Epizootic and epidemic in NY 1999, thereafter spread all over US Occasional outbreaks in Europe, e.g. Italy 2008

19. Konsekvens för hälsoläget i Sverige Mkt begränsad Begränsad Allvarlig Mkt allvarlig Katastrofal Conclusion of climate risk and consequence for infectious diseases of animals in Sweden. Inf =infection, sjd = disease From the governmental report Climate and vulnerability, 2007, Appendix on Health effects for man and animal. Climate risk: Mycket Hög Risk Hög Risk Medelhög Risk Låg Risk Mycket Låg Risk

21. Bild 17 Foto C. Fugelsang

22. Conclusions Climate changes is ongoing New diseases will appear Surveillance of animal health Ecosystem changes Growing understanding needed of the interaction between - different species - ecosystems - infectious diseases