2.   Industries and “Big Business” grew in response to technological innovations  Other breakthroughs in electricity, mass communication, and shipping allowed factories to produce more, at a faster rate.  Large numbers of immigrants provided industrialists with more workers. Industrialization

3.   Industry relied on railroads for shipping.  Railroads grew in response to increased demands of industrialization and Western Expansion.  Railroads expanded westward to meet demands of settlement and economic development of the West. (They carried people and shipped products.)  Railroad shipping facilitated the growth of ranching, farming, and mining industries in the West.  Industrial and technological innovations in manufacturing and mass communication enabled rapid growth of railroads. Growth of Railroads

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5.   Labor leaders criticized company owners and managers for reducing competition, paying low wages and maintaining unsafe working conditions for their employees.  Factory workers formed and joined labor unions in order to engage in collective bargaining with employers.  Many workers went on strike in the 1880s.  Three significant events of the time period included the “Great Strikes,” Homestead, Pullman, and Haymarket Riot Growth of Labor Unions

6.  Haymarket Riot

7.   Cattle industry boomed in the late 1800s as the culture and influence of the Plains American Indians declined.  Growing demand for beef in cities after the Civil War  Railroads provided method of transportation of beef to urbanized areas. Cattle Industry Boom

8.   As industry grew rapidly, the U.S. government promoted free enterprise (business that can operate competitively for profit with little government involvement/regulation). Free Enterprise

9.   An entrepreneur is someone who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business; an agent of change; discovers new ways to combine resources.  In the 1800s, many were considered entrepreneurs because they created value by moving resources out of less productive areas and into more productive ones.  Other example: skilled immigrants used their trade skills to establish businesses of their own. Rise of Entrepreneurship

10.   Industrialists and business leaders used Horizontal and Vertical Alignment to reduce competition and expand their companies.  Reduction of competition led to the creation of monopolies and trusts.  Significant industrialists include, Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, Vanderbilt, etc.  Some people viewed these men as “Captains of Industry,” while others viewed them as “Robber Barons.”  Socio-economic divisions widened as industries grew. Big Business

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