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Unit 4: Childhood 4- 9 years
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Childhood Children 4- to 9-year-old are growing and changing steadily, and you may find yourself surprised by how their appearance and new skills change. Although every child develops at his or her own pace, many self-care, small motor and athletic abilities are typical at this age. Whatever the development pace, you know the child is healthy if they are developing at a steady and gradual pace.
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Physical devleopment Between the ages of 4 and 9 years, children may begin to look thinner. This is because their size is increasing, but the fat accumulation is staying relatively the same. By the time they are 6 years old, the proportions will be more like an adult and the centre of gravity will be centrally located. They are likely to experience a growth spurt between ages 6 and 8 years, and you may notice that hair becomes darker. Nutrition intake and genetics are big factors when it comes to growth at this age.
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4 to 5 Years At 4 years of age, your child’s developing hand- eye coordination will allow him to be able to play with toys that have small parts. They are still likely to prefer running and jumping, and by 5 years of age they will be able to catch a ball, throw a ball overhand, hop on one foot, walk up and down stairs alone, draw and pour water from a jug. They also may be able to change clothes by themselves and will begin holding a fork with 3 fingers instead of his fist.
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5 to 7 Years Shortly after 5 years of age, your child may be able to skip and walk on her tiptoes. She has the ability to repeatedly bounce a ball and skate, and by the time she is 7 years old she will be able to ride a bike, draw shapes and patterns, use a comb and toothbrush and tie her shoes. She is capable of performing simple household tasks such as making her bed and can play a musical instrument. You may notice that she begins to show a preference for one hand over the other at this age.
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7 to 9 Years Between 7 and 9 years of age, children may begin to identify themselves as athletic or not athletic. This might influence their future involvement in sports and physical activity during free time. They have the capability to roll, bat, kick and throw, which makes him able to play organized sports such as soccer, baseball and basketball. Their strength and coordination will continue to develop with practice
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Encouraging Development You can encourage a child’s physical development by providing them with a nutritional and well-balanced diet. They may also have opportunities to participate in a variety of activities that can work different muscles and develop different aspects of physical abilities. Repetition of physical activities can help improve balance and coordination, so encourage them to play structured and unstructured games in a safe environment
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Cognitive development 4yrs They will enjoy counting up to twenty, and understands the concept of numbers up to three. They talks about things in the past and future. Can sort objects into groups. They have increased memory skills for e.g. they can remember a particular event, such as when aunties and uncles visited several months previously. Can give reasons and solve problems. Often confuses fact with fiction
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Cognitive development 5 yrs Produces drawings with good detail for e.g. a house with windows, a door, a roof and a chimney. Asks about abstract words... for instance... ’What does “beyond” mean?’. Can give their full name, age and address and often their birthday. Talks about the past, present and future, with a good sense of time.
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Cognitive development 6yrs Begins to think in a more co-ordinated way, and can hold more than one point of view at a time. They also begin to develop concepts of quantity... distance, area, time, weight, length etc. They are able to distinguish the difference between reality and fantasy and become interested in basic scientific principles They are s increasingly influenced by cultural conventions in drawing and writing often combining his own personal symbols with letters from the alphabet and by now can count accurately up to 20. They are able to names days of the week in order, can arrange objects in order of size and print own name. They can tell month and day of birthday, count up to a hundred by repetition and predict what happens next.
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Delayed development When a child's development lags behind the developmental norms or milestones Who will notice first? What is the next step? Who can help? What are some of the causes?
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Causes Brain damage- before or during birth or in infancy Poor social interaction Disease Poor nutrition Visual or hearing disability
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Arrested development Basically means development has stopped
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What might cause delayed development? In groups of 3/4 research on of the following: Down’s syndrome Rhesus factor German measles Cleft palate Low birthweight
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Down’s Syndrome Chromosomal abnormality which may cause a severe delay in development
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Rhesus May cause jaundice which if left untreated can cause deafness, blindness and possible learning difficulties.
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German measles An environmental factor which may cause damage to an unborn baby, causing deafness, and visual impairment. Visual impairment may delay development due to loss of social interaction.
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Cleft Palate Can cause delays in speech and may cause low self esteem.
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Low birth weight Can be caused by mothers who smoke, take drugs or drink heavily. This can also learn to prematurity and health issues.
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