2. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
All living things are compose of organic molecules
The six most common elements found in organic molecules include:
C, H, N, O, P, S.

3. C Carbon
H Hydrogen
N Nitrogen
O Oxygen
P Phosphorus
S Sulfur

4. The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Organic Chemistry
The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.

5. Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Macromolecules
Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.

6. Monomers: the smallest, repeating molecular unit (identical or nearly identical in composition) that makes up a larger molecule
Polymers: long molecules made up of monomers

7. Organic Polymer

8. Organic Polymer

9. Organic polymers are also called macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.

10. There are four major macromolecules associated with biology:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

11. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology

12. General formula: (CH2O)n
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Carbohydrates
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1C: 2H: 1O
General formula: (CH2O)n

13. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
If n is between three and seven the compound is called a simple sugar or monosaccharide.
Ex. C6H12O6

14. Glucose is one very important monosaccharide used by cells for energy
It is found in the human bloodstream

15. Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide.

16. Sucrose and lactose are two examples of disaccharides.
Sucrose is table sugar
Lactose is milk sugar

18. How are disaccharides formed?
Dehydration synthesis: formation of disaccharide by removing water from the monosaccharides

19. Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides.

20. Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide.
Animals store it in the liver
It is a short term energy storage molecule

21. How do organisms get energy from these?????
The bonds between them are broken, releasing energy
The bonds store energy!

22. Hydrolysis: adding water to split a disaccharide or polysaccharide and release energy

24. Functions of Carbohydrates:
Primary source of energy for organisms

25. Structural support in plants (cellulose)
Main component in shells (chitin)

26. Carbohydrates Are: Manufactured by green plants only:
Occurs during photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

27. Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen Make Up: Fats Oils
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Lipids
Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
Make Up:
Fats
Oils
Waxes

28. Functions of Lipids Primary function is to store energy
Make up cell structures
Form chemical messages between cells
Protection (wax on plant leaves)

29. Lipid Structure:
Fatty acid tail

30. Fatty acid tail is a chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms and other carbon atoms by single or double bonds
The bonds determine if the lipid is classified as saturated, unsaturated or polyunsaturated

31. Basic Structure of Lipids

32. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Saturated fats have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms.

33. Unsaturated fats: lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain

34. Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.

36. Important Biological Lipids:
Phospholipids: create the structure and function of the cell membrane

37. Hydrophilic head: dissolves in water
Hydrophobic tail: does not dissolve in water
Why is this important?

38. Lipids
Also, responsible for the formation of important steroids including hormones and cholesterol

39. Protein A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Protein
A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

40. Amino acids have a central carbon atom.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Amino acids have a central carbon atom.
One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen.
The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R).

41. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology

42. Amino acids are bonded together in a chain by peptide bonds
Proteins are also called polypeptides

43. Protein Functions: Make up mass Involved in almost all functions
Structure
Chemical signals between cells
Control cell growth and repair
Enzymes (biological catalysts)

44. Enzymes
Enzymes: biological catalysts
Made of proteins

45. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Enzymes
Catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

46. Activation energy: the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

47. This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.
The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.

48. This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.
The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.

49. It does not increase how much product is made.
It does not get used up in the reaction.

50. How do enzymes work?

51. Substrates: Reactants that bind to the enzyme
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Substrates: Reactants that bind to the enzyme
Active site: Specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme

53. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex, which helps chemical bonds in the reactants to be broken and new bonds to form.
Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity.

54. Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology

55. Nucleic Acids:
Made up of smaller subunits called nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms

56. Nucleic Acid Functions:
Store and transmit genetic information
Two types of nucleic acids:
DNA
RNA

57. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
DNA Structure
Nucleotides
Consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base